14
differences in the health status and medical requirements of individual clients (Liss,
1993, Van Bilsen, 2008), for example, an elderly client with diabetes has different
needs from an elderly client who suffers from problems with bending and stretching.
On the other hand, elderly persons differ from each other in personality, background,
and lifestyle, which is likely to cause the content of their needs and desires to differ as
well (Luijkx and De Blok, 2007). Second, individual elderly clients often have multiple
needs and demands in various aspects of life because elderly people, in general, want
to live independently as long as possible (Schols, 2004). As a result, elderly clients
require a variety of services such as care, welfare, housing and transportation (e.g. Van
Campen and Woittiez, 2003, Leichsenring et al., 2005). Third, needs and requirements
are likely to vary over an individual elderly client’s life course as a result of changing
health conditions. Because health, generally speaking, deteriorates over time (e.g. Van
Bilsen, 2008) elderly people will require more intensive care and services. In addition,
new constraints are likely to arise with age, thereby increasing the prevalence of multi-
morbidity – the simultaneous occurrence of various (chronic) conditions (Health
Council of The Netherlands, 2008), causing the elderly person to require a wider
spectrum of care and services over time. Overall, demand for long-term care can be
thus
characterized by diversity,
multiplicity, and changeability.
Modular
Care Provision
Figure 1.2 Long-term care environment
in the Netherlands
15
1.3.3 Positioning the client in long-term care provision
Elderly clients are in the position to directly influence individual care supply as well
as the creation of personal care and service packages (Etty and Veraart, 2001). Care
provision takes place in the elderly client’s own home, where each person is treated
individually. Furthermore, the production of care for the elderly involves extensive
customer contact (Verma, 2000, Jaakkola and Halinen, 2006, Lanseng and Andreassen,
2007). As such, the elderly client can work together with the provider in making a fit
between the client’s wishes on the one hand and the long-term care services available
from the provider on the other hand.
At the same time, elderly clients are likely to require some support when organizing the
provision of care and services of which they are in need. First, the provider of health
services knows much more than the receiver. As a result, the specification and delivery
of care services are often highly influenced by the specialist knowledge, skills, and
experience of the care professional (Jaakkola and Halinen, 2006). The client, therefore,
has to trust the provider with his or her life (Meijboom et al., 2004) and any incident of
service failure may put the confidence of clients (and their family members) at risk (Berry
and Leighton, 2004). Second, many of the elderly are developing towards a state of (near)
frailty that might influence their ability to make well-informed choices of appropriate care
and services. In addition, the inability to meet the demands of these elderly people will
have more serious consequences than it does in other services (Jack and Powers, 2004).
Third, demand for many types of long-term care and services, is negative. Although in
need of them, people are not likely to look forward to home help or wound care and,
in general, demanding care services goes together with considerable stress (Berry et al.,
2004). In summary, elderly clients can directly influence long-term care provision but
can also be influenced by features that might weaken their ability to steer supply.
The features characterizing the field of long-term care for the elderly as presented in
the preceding sections need to be taken into account when exploring the potential of
modularity in this sector.
1.4 Study aim, research design, and research questions
The main purpose of this research is to advance knowledge on modularity in long-
term care for the elderly. Hereby, the aim of this thesis is two-fold. We aim to advance
knowledge on modularity beyond manufacturing and we aim to improve the field of
long-term care for the elderly and assist the sector in moving towards demand-based
care provision. To act upon both aims, this study was conducted in a number of phases,
in each of which a number of research questions were studied.
In
troduc
tion
Chapt
er 1