Toshkent farmatsevtika instituti ekologiya va mikrobiologiya
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217 + Cal 171. By means of immunotherapy are: - Antibiotics + Serum - Nitrofurans - Allergens 172. By means of immunotherapy are: - Sulifanilamidy - Pritovomalyariynye drugs Immunoglobulins + - Vaccine 173. Artificial active immunity is formed after the introduction: - Gistoglobulina + DTP - Bacteriophage - Norsulfazola 174. The group of preventative medications include: - aspirin + Vaccine - Diagnosticums - Allergens 175. The means of passive immunization are: - BCG - OPV - Bifikol + Influenza immunoglobulin 176. Active immunity is produced as a result of: - The introduction of serum + myocardial disease - The introduction of a bacteriophage - Antibiotic 177. Specific factors include the protection of the body: - Phagocytes Antibodies + - Complement - The normal microflora of the human body: 178. By the properties of the antigen include: + Foreignness - virulence - Pathogenicity - Toxigenicity 179. To the central authorities of the immune system include: - Spleen - a heart + thymus - blood 180. To the central authorities of the immune system include: - blood - Lymph nodes - Skin + Tonsils 181. By the peripheral organs of the immune system include: - stomach + lymph nodes - Skin - Mucosas 182. Cellular factors of nonspecific protection of an organism are: - Antigens - Antibodies - Polynuclears + Complement 183. By means of active immunization include: - Serum + vaccine - Brucellin - Maleinos 184. For non-specific humoral factors to protect the body include: + Macrophages - Basophils - Eosinophils - Interferon 185. The means of immunotherapy is: - Maleinos - Antraksin + Protivosibireyazvenny globulin - saline 218 186. By means of passive immunization include: - Tularemia vaccine - Influenza vaccine - Typhoid vaccine + Tetanus toxoid 187. In order to identify infectious allergy allergen is introduced: - Intramuscularly - intravenously + Intradermally - Orally 188. The specificity of the antigen due to the presence of him: - A heavy chain - Light chain - The active center + Determinant group 189. The presence of specific antibodies is due to him: - A heavy chain - Light chain + Active center - Determinant group 190. Increasing the concentration of Ig E observed at: - Transplant rejection + hay fever - Hemolytic disease of the newborn - Serum sickness 191. Virological method used to diagnose: - Salmonellosis - Malaria - Balantidiasis + Measles 192. Pathogenicity - this property: - Biochemical + Specifications microbial strains - Immunological - Allergy 193. By the bacterial infections include: - Varicella - Smallpox - Malaria + Diphtheria 194.Tuberkulin used for production: + Mantoux - Reaction Schick - Dick's reaction - Determination of the ESR 195.V the soil for a long time saved: - Measles virus - Rubella virus + Causative agents of botulism - Staphylococci 196.Parenteralnym passed by: - Trichomoniasis - syphilis + Salmonellosis - typhoid fever 197. transmissible transmitted by: - flu HIV + - measles - Encephalitis 198. Food is a factor of transmission: - Infections of integument - Blood infections + intestinal infections - Respiratory tract infections 199. Blood - factor of transmission: HIV + - Amebiasis - Measles - Scarlet fever 200. parenteral route can be transmitted: - Measles - Fever - Hepatitis B Hepatitis A + 219 IX.GLOSSARIY Termin O`zbek tilidagi sharhi Ingliz tilidagi sharhi Abiotik omillar jonsiz omillar – anorganik muhit omillari: yorug‘lik, harorat namlik, tuproq, bosim kabilar tirik organizm faoliyatiga tasir etib, ularning hayotiga moslashuvida muhim ahamiyatga ega. A site In a ribosome, a binding site that accommodates tRNA delivering an amino acid. Abssess abssess ( abssessis;lot. absissit- ajralmah.yiringlamoq sii apostema) – yiring to‘lgan va atrofdagi to‘qima hamda a‘zolarda piogei parda bilan ajralib turgan bo‘shliq. Abscess An isolated site of infection such as a pimple, boil, or pustule. Abssess gangrenozniy Gangrenali abssess (sin.chirigan) - tarkibida chirigan yiring, sikvestrlar yoki detriy bo‘ladigan abesess. Abyssal zone In marine habitats, the zone of water beneath the benthic zone, virtually devoid of life except around hydrothermal vents. Absessografiya absessografiya (lot.abssesst – ajralmoq,yiringlamoq) – shakillanib bo‘lgan absesessning unga kontrast modda yuborilib rentgen tasvirida tekshirish. Acellular Noncellular. Absolyutno smertelnaya doza Absolyut o‘ldiruvchi doza Acetyl-CoA Combination of two-carbon acetate and coenzyme A. Adgeziya Adgeziya (lot. Adhesion - yopishish) – qattiq yoki suyuq jismlar bir birga taqalganida molekulyar tortish kuchlari tufayli sirtlarining bir-biriga yopishishi. Acid Compound that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions. Aerobi Aeroblar - anaeroblardan farq qilib, erkin kislarodli yashovchi organizimlar. Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) (acid- fast fast rod, AFR) Bacilli that retain stain during decolorization by acidalcohol, particularly species of Mycobacterium. Agglyutinasiya Agglyutinasiya (lot. Agglutination - yopishish) tibbiyotda zarralar bakterialar qizil va oq qon tanachalari (eritrositlar va leykositlar) va boshqa xujayra elimentlarining agglyutininlar (qon zardobi) tasirida bir-biriga yopishib, g‘uj- g‘uj bo‘lib tushishi. Acid-fast rod (AFR) Bacilli that retain stain during decolorization by acid-alcohol, particularly species of Mycobacterium. Agressini Agressiv omillar – organizmning himoya kuchlariga ta‘sir ko‘rsatuvchi omillar. Acid-fast stain In microscopy, a differential stain used to penetrate waxy cell alls. Albumini - Albuminlar – hayvon o‘simlik to‘qimalari tarkibiga kiradigan oddiy oqsillar. Acidic dye In microscopy, an anionic chromophore used to stain alkaline structures. Works most effectively in acidic 220 environments. Anabioz Anabioz (yunon. Anabiosis – tirik qolish) tiriklik faoliyatini vaqtincha susayishi. Bunda o‘simlik yoki hayvon organizimidagi moddalar almashinuvi juda pasayib ketadi. Acidophile Microorganism requiring acidic pH. Anabolizim Anabolizim (yunon. Anabole - ko‘tarilish) organizimda modda almashinuvining bir tamonini tashkil etuvchi kimyoviy jarayonlar yig‘indisi. Acne Skin disorder characterized by presence of whiteheads, blackheads, and, in severe cases, cysts; typically caused by infection with Propionibacterium Anemiya – Anemiya (an va yunon. Haima - qon) kamqonlik – qonning xajm birligida eritrositlar (qizil qon tanachalari) va gemoglabinning kamayish xolati. acnes. Assimilyasiya Assimilyasiya (lot. Assimilatio – o‘zlashtirish, qo‘shilish) tirik organizimlarning tashqi muhitdan kiruvchi moddalarni o‘zlashtirishi ―O‘zimniki qilib olish‖ jarayoni. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) The presence of several opportunistic or rare infections along with infection by huma immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or a severe decrease in the number of CD4 cells (<200/μL) along with a positive test showing the presence of HIV. Avitaminoz Avitaminoz (a.. , an.. va vitamin) organizimda vitaminlarning ko‘p yetishmasligi natijasida paydo bo‘ladigan kasallik. Acquired (secondary) immunodeficiency diseases Any of a group of immunodeficiency diseases that develop in older children, adults, and the elderly as a direct consequence of some other recognized cause, such as infectious disease. Active transport The movement of a substance against its electrochemical gradient via carrier proteins and requiring cell energy from ATP. Avirulentnost avirulentlik – kasallik keltib chiqarish xususiyati yo‘qotilgan, patogenligi pasaygan mikroorganizm. Actinomycetes High G + C Gram-positive bacteria that form branching filaments and produce spores, thus resembling fungi. Avtoklav elektr tarmog‘i orqali suv bug‘ini yuqori bosimda ta‘sir etirib tibbiyotda sterilizasiya uchun ishlatiladigan apparat. Actinomycosis Disease caused by Actinomyces; characterized by formation of multiple, interconnected abscesses in skin or mucous membrane. Agar-agar (mahalliy nomda agar-agar - shilimshiq) – qo‘ng‘ir va qizil suv o‘tlarning ba‘zilari Activation energy The amount of energy needed to trigger a 221 (masalan anfelsiya)dan alohida usulda qaynatib olinadigan shilimshiq modda. Tarkibida 85-90% gacha uglevodlar 2-3 % oqsil 3-5% bor. Mikrobiologiyada (mikroorganizimlarni o‘stirish uchun) ishlatildi chemical reaction. Asepticheskiy abssess Aseptik abssess yiring mikobakteriyalarisiz yiringlatuvchi moddalar tushishidan yuzaga keladigan abesess. Active site Functional site of an enzyme, the shape of which is complementary to the shape of the substrate. Agglyutinasiya agglyutinasiya- (lot. Agglitina tio- yopishirish )- osilma (muallaq) zarrachalar - bakteriyalar, eritrosiylar – leykositlar, trombositlar, to‘qima hujayralar hamda ustiga antigen va antitelalar adsorbsiyalangan faol zarrachalari yopishtirib olish va cho‘kish. Agglyuminat - agglyuminat (lot agglutinatum – yopishtirmoq) – agglyutinasiya jarayonida hosil bo‘lgan cho‘kma. Agglyutinogeni Condition in which the release of inflammatory mediators overwhelms the body‘s coping mechanisms. Agromikrobiolo giya- agromikrobiologiya (lot. agti – ep+ gr miknos – kichik + gr. bios- hayot + gr. logos- ta‘limot, sin. qishloq ho‘jaligi mikrobiologiyasi) - mikroorganizimlarning yer hosildorligidan, ovqat mahsulotlardagina va o‘simliklarni qayta ishlashdagi zaruriyatni o‘rganuvchi, shunindek, mikroorganizimdan qishloq xo‘jaligi ishlab chiqarishda foydalanish metodini ishlab chiqaruvchi mikroorganizimning bir bo‘lagi. Acute inflammation Type of inflammation that develops quickly, is short lived, and is usually beneficial. Adaptasiya adaptasiya (lot Adaptatio – moslashish: sin moslashuv) – xar qanday organizim o‘zgargan yashash sharoitlariga moslashish sharti. Adaptive immunity Resistance against pathogens that acts more effectively upon subsequent infections with the same pathogen. Aktinomikoz - aktinomikoz (gr Aktinomikos nurda gr muketos – zamburug‘da gr – osis - kasallik, patologik xolat: sin nursimon zamburug‘ kasalligi) - odam va hayvonlarning surinkali yuqumli kasalligi. Adenine Ring-shaped nitrogenous base found in nucleotides of DNA and RNA. Aktinomisiti aktinomisitlar (gr Aktinos – nurda gr myketos – zamburug‘, sin nursimon zamburug‘lar ) – bakterialar bilan zamburug‘lar o‘rtasida oraliq o‘rnini egallab turadigan ipsimon bo‘lib shoxlanadigan gr ―+‖ mikroorganizimlarni katta bir guruxga Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The primary short-term, recyclable energy molecule fueling cellular reactions. 222 birlashtiruvchi schizomycetes – sinfiga mansub mikroorganizimlar tartibi. Allergidi llergidlar (gr allos boshqa, o‘zgachada gr. ergonda tasir) allergik tabiatli toshmalarning umumiy nomi. Adherence Process by which phagocytes attach to microorganisms through the binding of complementary chemicals on the cytoplasmic membranes. Allergiya llergiya (gr allos boshqa, o‘zgacha gr. ergonda tasir) organizimlarning qandaydir moddalarning qayta tasir etishi yoki o‘z to‘qimalari kompanentlariga sezgirligi oshib ketishi ko‘rinishida reaksiya o‘zgargan xolati, uning asosida to‘qimalar zarar topishi bilan kechadigan immunitet yotadi. Adhesins Molecules that attach pathogens to their target cells. Anilin -Anilin (sin. Aminobenzol,fenilamin) – aromatik qatorining oddiy, o‘ta zaxarli: bazi dori preparatlar va bo‘yoq moddalarini olish. Adhesion The attachment of microorganisms to host cells. Agglyutinasiya – Agglyutinasiya –suyuqlikda tarqalgan bakteriya, eritrosit va boshqa turli hujayralarning bir – biriga yopishib, cho‘kishi. Adhesion factors A variety of structures or attachment proteins by which microorganisms attach to host cells. Angina (lot.ango-siqmoq,bo‘g‘moq)- streptokokk yoki stafilokokklar, kamroq mikroblar keltirib chiqaradigan o‘tkir yuqumli kasallik, halqumning to‘qimalari, aksari tanglay murtaklaridagi to‘qimalar yallig‘lanishi bilan yuzaga chiqadi; tomoq og‘rig‘i va o‘rtacha umumiy intoksikatsiya kuzatiladi. Adjuvant Chemical added to a vaccine to increase its ability to stimulate active immunity. Antagonizm II – mikroblar antagonizmi - mikroorganizmlar birga yashaganlarida bir turdagi mikroorganizmlar boshqa hayot faoliyatini so‘ndirib qo‘yishidan yuzaga chiqadigan antagonizm Aerobe An organism that uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor. Abiotik omillar jonsiz omillar – anorganik muhit omillari: yorug‘lik, harorat namlik, tuproq, bosim kabilar tirik organizm faoliyatiga tasir etib, ularning hayotiga moslashuvida muhim ahamiyatga ega. Aerobic respiration Type of cellular respiration requiring oxygen atoms as final electron acceptors. Abssess- abssess ( abssessis;lot. absissit- ajralmah.yiringlamoq sii apostema) – yiring to‘lgan va atrofdagi to‘qima hamda a‘zolarda piogei parda bilan ajralib turgan bo‘shliq. Aerosol A cloud of water droplets, which travels more than 1 meter in airborne transmission and less than 1 meter in droplet transmission. 223 X. ADABIYOTLAR RO‗YXATI 1. Muhamedov I. M. , Eshboev E. X. Mikrobiologiya, immunologiya, virusologiya. T. , ―O‗zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi‖ Davlat ilmiy nashriyoti. 2002. - 519 b. 2. Microbiology and Immunology /Faculty of Pharmacy. General Microbiology Immunology .Edition 2015 3. "Mikrobiolugiai Laboraturiumi Gyakorlatok 2013 4. thedition sherris medisinskiy mikrobiologiya anintroductiontoinfectiousdiseases 5. Kennet dj. rayan, merilend c. djordj rey, md redaktorыmcgraw-hillcopyright © 2004 mcgraw-hill companies 6. Djeyms M. Djey Sovremennaya prodovolstvennaya mikrobiologiya SHestoy vыpusk Geytersburg, Merilend2000. 7. Uchebnik: mikrobiologiya: klinicheskiy podxod Entoni Strelkoskas, Djennifer Strelkoskas, Daniell Moszik-Strelkoskas ISBN: 978-0-8153-6514-3. 2014 8. Kaufmann, B., & Christen, P. (2002). Recent extraction techniques for natural products: Microwave-assisted extraction and pressurized solvent extraction. Phytochemical Analysis, 13, 105-113. 9. 8.SHakirova, F. M., Saxabutdinova A. R. Signalnaya regulyasiya ustoychivosti rasteniy k patogenam. Uspexi sovremennoy biologii, Tom 123— №> 6 -2003 S. 563-572. 10. Berger J., Reist M., Mayer J.M., Felt O., Gurny R. Structure and Interactions in Chitosan Hydrogels Formed by Complexation or Aggregation for Biomedical Applications. // Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. - 2004. - V.57. - P.35-52 11. .K. Sh. Baltaeva, S. M. Rustamova. Mikrobiologiya, moliya instituti nashr taxririyati. Uchebnoe posobie, T. , 2010 y. , 324s. 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