Toxicological Profile for Plutonium

5.  PRODUCTION, IMPORT/EXPORT, USE, AND DISPOSAL..........................................................153  
5.1  PRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................153  
5.2  IMPORT/EXPORT ....................................................................................................................154  
5.3  USE ............................................................................................................................................154  
5.4  DISPOSAL.................................................................................................................................155  
6.  POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE .........................................................................................157  
6.1  OVERVIEW...............................................................................................................................157  
6.2  RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT...................................................................................159  
6.2.1 
Air .......................................................................................................................................161  
6.2.2 
Water...................................................................................................................................163  
6.2.3 
Soil ......................................................................................................................................164  
6.3  ENVIRONMENTAL FATE ......................................................................................................166  
6.3.1 
Transport and Partitioning...................................................................................................166  
6.3.2 
Transformation and Degradation ........................................................................................170  
6.3.2.1 
Air ................................................................................................................................170  
6.3.2.2 
Water............................................................................................................................170  
6.3.2.3 
Sediment and Soil ........................................................................................................171  
6.4  LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT..................................171  
6.4.1 
Air .......................................................................................................................................172  
6.4.2 
Water...................................................................................................................................174  
6.4.3 
Sediment and Soil ...............................................................................................................176  
6.4.4 
Other Environmental Media................................................................................................182  
6.5  GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ........................................ 185  
6.6  EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN..................................................................................................188  
6.7  POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES ..............................................189  
6.8  ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE ........................................................................................189  
6.8.1 
Identification of Data Needs ...............................................................................................190  
6.8.2 
Ongoing Studies..................................................................................................................193  
7.  ANALYTICAL METHODS................................................................................................................195  
7.1  BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS....................................................................................................196  
7.2  ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES ..............................................................................................201  
7.3  ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE ........................................................................................205  
7.3.1 
Identification of Data Needs ...............................................................................................205  
7.3.2 
Ongoing Studies..................................................................................................................206  
8.  REGULATIONS, ADVISORIES, AND GUIDELINES.....................................................................207  
9.  REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................215  
10.  GLOSSARY ......................................................................................................................................255  
APPENDICES 
A.  ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS .............................................................A-1  
B.  USER’S GUIDE.................................................................................................................................. B-1  
C.  ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS...................................................................... C-1  
D.  OVERVIEW OF BASIC RADIATION PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND BIOLOGY .....................D-1  
E.  INDEX................................................................................................................................................. E-1  
PLUTONIUM 
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PLUTONIUM 
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