Traits: Gordon Allport



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tarix18.07.2018
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Traits: Gordon Allport

  • Kimberley A. Clow

  • kclow2@uwo.ca

  • http://instruct.uwo.ca/psychology/257e-570


Outline



Brief Biography

  • Born in Indiana

    • American
  • Not a scholastic achiever

    • Mediocre grades
  • Travelled to Germany

    • Met Freud
    • Met Gestalt psychologists
  • Taught first class in personality

  • Interested in social issues

    • Classic book on Prejudice
    • Founded SPSSI


Definition of Personality

  • “Personality is something and does something … it is what lies behind specific acts and within the individual”

    • Dynamic
    • Psychophysical
    • Determinant of behaviour
    • Characteristic
    • Behaviour & Thought


Structure of Personality

  • Personality is stable

    • Consistency across diverse situations
  • Components of Personality

    • Interests & Intentions
    • Traits
    • Biological Predispositions
  • Traits

    • Common Traits  Traits
    • Individual Traits  Personal Dispositions


Traits

  • Common to groups of people

    • Stereotypes
  • Criteria

    • Frequency of type of behaviour
    • Range of situation for behaviour
    • Intensity of reaction to maintaining this behaviour


Personal Dispositions

  • “Generalized neuropsychic structure (peculiar to the individual), with the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent, and to initiate and guide consistent (equivalent) forms of adaptive and stylistic behavior”

    • Cardinal
    • Central
    • Secondary


Other Relevant Factors



Proprium

  • Composition of all the important aspects of a personality as a result of a person’s experiences and growth

    • Maintains our sense of self
      • The behaviours and characteristics that we deem central to our lives
    • Determines how we perceive the world & what we remember from our experiences
  • Propriate vs. Nonpropriate Behaviours



Development of Personality



Motivation

  • Characteristics of Motivation

    • It must recognize the contemporary nature of motives
    • It must allow for the existence of several types of motives
    • It must recognize the importance of cognitive processes
    • It must recognize that each person’s pattern of motivation is unique
  • Functional Autonomy



Values

  • Our system of values and philosophical outlook gives meaning to life

    • Theoretical
    • Economic
    • Aesthetic
    • Social
    • Political
    • Religious


The Psychologically Healthy Person

  • 6 Characteristics

    • Capacity for self-extension
    • Capacity for warm human interactions
    • Demonstration of emotional security and self-acceptance
    • Demonstration of realistic perceptions
    • Demonstration of self-objectification
    • Demonstration of unifying philosophy of life


Research & Criticism

  • Ideographic versus Nomothetic

    • Ideographic Approach
      • Intense study of a single case
    • Nomothetic Approach
      • Study groups and analyze averages
  • Methods

    • Interviews
    • Self-report
      • Diaries, letters, dreams, confessions
    • Non-verbal cues


Allport vs. Freud

  • Differences from Freud

    • Consciousness the only important element in health adult motivation
      • Not unconscious
    • Actions guided by present & our view of future
      • Not past
    • Can't study personality by looking at abnormal behaviour
    • Personality not general & universal but personal & unique


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