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On 13 May 2013, Norway as a Party to the Stockholm Convention, submitted a proposal to list decabromodiphenyl ether (commercial mixture, c-decaBDE) in Annexes A, B and/or C to the Convention. The proposal (UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/2) was submitted in accordance with Article 8 of the Convention and was reviewed by the POPs Review Committee (POPRC) at its ninth meeting in October 2013.
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In the present document the abbreviation c-decaBDE is used for technical or commercial decaBDE products. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) refers to the single fully brominated PBDE, which elsewhere sometimes is also denoted as decaBDE.
1.1Chemical identity of the proposed substance -
The risk profile concerns c-decaBDE and its degradation products, in accordance with Annex E of the Convention. C-decaBDE is a commercial PBDE formulation that is widely used as an additive flame retardant in textiles and plastics, additional uses are in adhesives and in coatings and inks (ECHA 2013b). C-decaBDE consist predominantly of the congener BDE-209 (≥97%), with low levels of other brominated diphenyl ether congeners such as nonabromodiphenyl ether (0.3-3%) and octabromodiphenyl ether (0-0.04%). Chen (2007a) reported that the octaBDE and nonaBDE content of two c-decaBDE products from China was in the range 8.2 to 10.4% suggesting that a higher degree of impurities may be found in some commercial mixtures. Historically a range of 77.4-98% of decaBDE, and smaller amounts of the congeners of nonaBDE (0.3-21.8 %) and octaBDE (0-0.85%) has been reported (ECHA 2012a, US EPA 2008, RPA 2014). Total tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa- and heptaBDEs are typically present at concentrations below 0.0039% w/w (ECB 2002, ECHA 2012a). Trace amounts of other compounds, thought to be hydroxybrominated diphenyl compounds can also be present as impurities. In addition, polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) have been reported as impurities in some c-decaBDE products (Ren 2011).
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According to available information c-decaBDE is currently available from several producers and suppliers globally (Ren 2013a, RPA 2014) and is being marketed under different tradenames (Table 1).
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Chemical data on the main component of c-decaBDE, BDE-209, are presented in Figure 1 and in Tables 1 and 2 below (ECHA 2012a). Like other PBDEs, BDE-209 shares structural similarities with PCBs. Chemical data on octa- and nonaBDE, which are minor constituents of commercial c-decaBDE, are provided along with other supplementary information in a supporting document for the risk profile (UNEP/POPS/POPRC.10/INF5). Information on c-decaBDE degradation products are provided in chapter 2.2.2 and in UNEP/POPS/POPRC.10/INF5.
Table 1. Chemical identity of c-decaBDE and its main constituent BDE-209
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CAS number:
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1163-19-51
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CAS name:
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Benzene, 1,1'-oxybis[2,3,4,5,6-pentabromo-]
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IUPAC name:
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2,3,4,5,6-Pentabromo-1-(2,3,4,5,6-pentabromophenoxy)benzene
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EC number:
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214-604-9
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EC name:
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Bis(pentabromophenyl) ether
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Molecular formula:
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C12Br10O
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Molecular weight:
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959.2 g/mole
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Synonyms:
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decabromodiphenyl ether, decabromodiphenyl oxide, bis(pentabromophenyl) oxide, decabromo biphenyl oxide, decabromo phenoxybenzene, benzene 1,1’ oxybis , decabromo derivative, decaBDE, DBDPE2, DBBE, DBBO, DBDPO
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Trade names
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DE-83R, DE-83, Bromkal 82-ODE, Bromkal 70-5, Saytex 102 E, FR1210, Flamecut 110R. FR-300-BA, which was produced in the 1970s, is no longer commercially available (ECA, 2010).
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1In the past CAS no. 109945-70-2, 145538-74-5 and 1201677-32-8 were also used. These CAS no. have now formally been deleted, but may still be in practical use by some suppliers and manufacturers.
2DBDPE is also used as an abbreviation for Decabromodiphenyl Ethane CAS no. 84852-53-9.
Table 2. Overview of relevant physicochemical properties of c-decaBDE and its main constituent BDE-209
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Property
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Value
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Reference
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Physical state at 20°C and
101.3 kPa
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Fine, white to off-white crystalline powder
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ECB (2002)
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Melting/freezing point
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300-310°C
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Dead Sea Bromine Group (1993), cited in ECB (2002)
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Boiling point
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Decomposes at >320°C
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Dead Sea Bromine Group (1993), cited in ECB (2002)
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Vapour pressure
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4.63×10-6 Pa at 21°C
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Wildlife International Ltd (1997), cited in ECB (2002)
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Water solubility
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<0.1 µg/L at 25°C (column elution method)
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Stenzel and Markley (1997), cited in ECB (2002)
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n-Octanol/water partition coefficient, Kow (log value)
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6.27 (measured – generator column method) 9.97 (estimated using an HPLC method)
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MacGregor and Nixon (1997), Watanabe and Tatsukawa (1990), respectively, cited in ECB (2002)
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Octanol-air partition coefficient Koa (log value)
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13.1
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Kelly (2007)
| 1.2Conclusion of the Review Committee regarding Annex D information -
The POPs Review Committee examined the proposal by Norway to list c-decaBDE under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants as well as additional scientific information provided by members and observers at its ninth meeting and concluded that decabromodiphenyl ether met the screening criteria specified in Annex D (decision POPRC-9/4).
1.3Data sources -
The risk profile is not an exhaustive review of all available data, but rather, it presents the most critical studies and lines of evidence with relevance to the criteria in Annex E and Annex D of the Convention. It centres on the main constituent of c-decaBDE, BDE-209, and its degradation products, in particular lower brominated PBDEs which are formed via abiotic and biotic degradation (described in 2.2.2). As several of the lower brominated PBDE degradation products are widely recognized as Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic/very Persistent, very Bioaccumulative PBT/vPvB substances and/or POPs a re-assessment of the properties of these compounds were considered redundant (POPRC 2006, POPRC 2007, ECHA 2013a,b, ECA 2010, Table 3.2-3.4, UNEP/POPS/POPRC.10/INF5). However, the potential for mixture toxicity between BDE-209 and other PBDEs is discussed in chapter 2.4.6.
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The risk profile was developed using the Annex D information submitted by Norway in 2013 and Annex E information submitted by parties and other stakeholders including non-governmental organizations as well as industry. The following parties and observers submitted information under the Annex E process: Argentina, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Serbia, Sweden, USA, Bromine Science and Environmental Forum (BSEF) and International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN) together with Inuit Circumpolar Council. All Annex E submissions are available on the Convention website (www.pops.int).
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Updated scientific literature obtained from scientific databases such as ISI Web of Science and PubMed was assessed as well as "grey" literature such as government reports, risk- and hazard assessments, industry fact sheets etc. To provide the best possible overview of the existing data/ literature which covers more than 984 reports and peer-reviewed scientific publications (Kortenkamp 2014), an emphasis was put on providing excerpts of existing risk assessments and reports when such information was available as well as more detailed descriptions of newer literature.
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In the past, assessments of c-decaBDE and its main constituent BDE-209 were conducted and published by the EU, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States (ECB 2002 2004, ECHA 2012a, ECA 2006, 2010, UK EA 2009, US EPA 2008). Status of the chemical under other international conventions and forums
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C-decaBDE has been under scrutiny for its potential health and environmental impacts for more than a decade. Steps to restrict the use of c-decaBDE have been taken in several countries and regions, as well as by some of the major electronic companies (for an overview: UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/2, Ren 2011).
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In 1992, c-decaBDE and other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were given priority in the OSPAR action plan and in 1998 BDE-209 along with the other PBDEs was included in the list of "Chemicals for Priority Action" as well in the Joint Assessment and Monitoring Programme in OSPAR. OSPAR has promoted actions in the EU on risk-reduction strategies for c-decaBDE and electronic waste legislation.
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In 1995, OECD Member countries agreed to oversee a voluntary industry commitment (VIC) by some of the global manufacturers of BFRs, among them c-decaBDE, to take certain risk management actions. The VIC was implemented in the United States, Europe and Japan. C-decaBDE production has since ceased in Europe and continues to be phased out in the United States (see Section 2.1.1 below). In Japan, compliance with the VIC is on-going. In parallel to this work, OECD conducted an investigation of the waste management practices in member countries with respect to products containing BFRs. The results of this investigation are documented in the Report on the Incineration of Products Containing Brominated Flame Retardants (OECD 1998). A SIDS Initial Assessment Profile (SIAP) on BDE-209 was prepared under the Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Programme of the OECD and adopted by SIAM 16 and later endorsed by the OECD Joint Meeting in 2003. The Hazard/Risk Information Sheets for c decaBDE and four other BFRs were updated in 2005, 2008 and 2009 (OECD 2014). PBDEs, including BDE-209, are listed as chemicals of concern in the WHO/UNEP "State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals" (UNEP/WHO 2013). In the EU, c-decaBDE is included in the Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation under the REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 based on its PBT and vPvB properties, high volumes and wide dispersive uses.
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