Uot 81-11 MÜXTƏLİFSİstemli İNGİLİs və azərbaycan diLLƏRİNDƏ tamamliq budaq cüMLƏLƏRİ VƏ onlarin müqayiSƏLİ TƏHLİLİ
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Alice has
- Alice stayed
- She will come
- Inversions with "so", "neither" and "nor"
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UOT 81-11 INVERSION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE KARIMOVA DILARA ABUZAR Sumqait State University, Senior lecturer e-mail: sdu.elmixeberler@mail.ru Keywords: word order, disorder of word order, linguistic, language, text, theme, structure
Understanding the nature of the language and thought, or at least what they are not, is just about as important as any understanding can be. Both are at the basis of our lives; in a sense they are our lives. Is language a distinct faculty? Is it controlled by parts of the brain dedicated to language? Is human thought language? If it is, are we intellectual prisoners l imited to thinking what language can describe, and allows us to think? Or is language a human invention? Is thought essentially independent of language, but in practice critically influenced by it? Much, politically and socially, depends indirectly on which is the correct view, and much depends on the view of linguistics, neuroscientists and philosophers, whether they are correct or not [1, 117]. In general, an "inversion" is a changed order of things. If X usually comes before Y, the inverted order will be Y first, then X. When looking at the grammar of the English language we see inversions for instance in the normal order of the subject and the verb in a sentence. To explain what an inversion is in English, first think of a simple sentence like: "Graffiti is ugly." In sentences like this the subject (graffiti) must come before the verb (is). This is the normal order. The most common example of the inverted order of the subject and the verb is seen in questions such as: "Is graffiti ugly?" The English language often use this kind of inversion in order to make a question, but this is not the only time that the normal order of the subject and the verb in a sentence is inverted. Changing standard word order is called "inversion". Inversion in English usually refers to placing the auxiliary, modal, or main verb before the subject. Inversion is used with a certain aim, often for emphasis [3.204-206] f.ex.
In linguistics, inversion is any of several grammatical constructions where two expressions switch their canonical order of appearance, that is, they invert. The most frequent type of inversion in English is subject–auxiliary inversion, where an auxiliary verb changes places with its subject; this often occurs in questions, such as Are you coming?, where the subject you is switched with the auxiliary are. In many other languages – especially those with freer word order than English – inversion can take place with a variety of verbs (not just auxiliaries) and with other syntactic categories as well. Subject–auxiliary inversion: The most frequently occurring type of inversion in English is subject–auxiliary inversion. The subject and auxiliary verb invert. f.ex. a. Alice will stay. b. Will Alice stay? - Subject–auxiliary inversion with yes/no question a. Alice has done it. b. What has Alice done? - Subject–auxiliary inversion with constituent question a. Alice has helped at no point. Sumqayıt Dövlət Universiteti – “ELMİ XƏBƏRLƏR”– Sosial və humanitar elmlər bölməsi Cild 13 № 3 2017
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b. At no point has Alice helped. - Subject–auxiliary inversion with fronted expression containing negation (negative inversion) a. If we were to surrender, ... b. Were we to surrender, …- Subject–auxiliary inversion in condition clause [4.25-24] The most common type of inversion in English consists in moving the auxiliary verb into the position before the subject. This type of inversion is most frequently used in questions. f. ex.
Inversion refers to an irregular verb placement form: Use of Question Form In this case, the question form (auxiliary + subject + main verb) takes the place of the standard positive sentence structure. f.ex. I not only enjoy classical music, but I also have a season ticket to the symphony. Not only do I enjoy classical music, but I also have a season ticket to the symphony.[3,168-170] The default order in English is subject–verb (Subject Verb), but a number of meaning-related differences (such as those illustrated above) motivate the subject and auxiliary verb to invert so that the finite verb precedes the subject; one ends up with auxiliary–subject (Aux-Subject) order. This type of inversion fails if the finite verb is not an auxiliary: a. Alice stayed. b. Stayed Alice? - Inversion impossible here because the verb is not an auxiliary verb
The verb in cases of subject–verb inversion in English is not required to be an auxiliary verb; it is, rather, a full verb or a form of the copula be. If the sentence has an auxiliary verb, the subject is placed after the auxiliary and the main verb. f.ex. a. She will come into the room. b. Into the room will come she. Since this type of inversion generally places the focus on the subject, the subject is likely to be a full noun or noun phrase rather than a pronoun. Third-person personal pronouns are especially unlikely to be found as the subject in this construction. f.ex. a. Down the stairs came the dog. - Noun subject b. Down the stairs came it. - Third-person personal pronoun as subject; unlikely unless it has special significance and is stressed c. Down the stairs came I. - First-person personal pronoun as subject; more likely, though still I would require stress There are a number of types of subject-verb inversion in English: locative inversion, directive
The following cases of inversion occur when some parts of the sentence, for example, the adverbial modifier of place or direction, come at the beginning of the sentence. Inversion in such cases consists in moving the auxiliary verb, and in some cases the main verb (i.e., the whole tense form), into the position before the subject. [1.54-58] Such cases of inversion are rather formal and emphatic. They are generally used in formal writing and in literary works. The examples below are given in pairs: Inverted word order – Standard word order. Inversions with "so", "neither" and "nor": When "so", "neither" and "nor" are used to make short agreements they are followed by an inversion. "I am not into hip hop." "Neither am I." (Or: "Nor am I.") "I am fond of flamenco dancing." "So am I." Inversion in the English language
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