What made the yishuv viable? Institutions



Yüklə 2,87 Mb.
tarix25.07.2018
ölçüsü2,87 Mb.
#58823


WHAT MADE THE YISHUV VIABLE?

  • INSTITUTIONS


YISHUV

  • THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN MANDATORY PALESTINE 1922-1948

  • GREW FROM ABOUT 80,000 TO 650,000

  • LABOR ZIONISM

  • REVISIONIST ZIONISM

  • GENERAL ZIONISM



WHY DID THE FIRST ALIYA FAIL?

  • JEWS PREFERRED AMERICA

    • IT HAD HIGHER WAGES
    • IT ATTRACTED MORE JEWS
  • JEWISH IMMIGRANTS LIVED IN CITIES

  • ARAB LABOR WAS MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN JEWISH LABOR

  • POLITICS DID NOT MAKE SOCIETY



JEWISH LABOR UNECONOMIC IN THE ORANGE GROVES



WHY DID THE SECOND ALIYA SUCCEED?

  • A CONVENTIONAL EXPLANATION LOOKS TO THE JEWISH AGENCY “VIRTUAL GOVERNMENT”

  • BUT THERE WAS NO HOMOGENOUS ZIONIST MOVEMENT

  • A DEEPER LOOK FOCUSES ON LABOR ZIONISM



WHAT WAS THE 2ND ALIYA?

  • MOVEMENT OF ZIONIST IMMIGRANTS FROM 1905-1915

  • LED THE “YISHUV” INTO STATEHOOD

  • PROMINENT AND DOMINANT LEADERS: DAVID BENGURION, YITZHAK BEN ZVI,

  • “SOCIALISTS” WHO PUT POLITICS IN COMMAND



  • POLITICAL ICONOGRAPHY



CHAIM WEIZMANN



DAVID BEN-GURION



BERL KATZNELSON

  • LABOR ZIONIST IDEOLOGIST



INNOVATIONS OF LABOR ZIONISM

  • HISTADRUT

  • KIBBUTZIM & JEWISH NATIONAL FUND

  • HAGANA

  • HEBREW



HISTADRUT

  • GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF JEWISH WORKERS IN ERETZ YISRAEL FOUNDED IN HAIFA IN 1920.

  • GENERAL SECRETARY WAS DAVID BEN-GURION

  • CLASSICAL ZIONISM WAS MIDDLE CLASS BUT IN PALESTINE IT WAS COLECTIVIST

  • HISTADRUT PIONEERED A DUAL ECONOMY EMPLOYED STRIKES, POLITICAL POWER OVER JEWISH AGENCY SPENDING, AND INVESTMENT OF ITS OWN RESOURCES (HEVRAT OVDIM AND SOLEL BONEH)

  • CONTROL OF HISTADRUT ENSURED THAT MANY NEW IMMIGRANTS WERE TIED TO LABOR.



HISTADRUT AS A POLITICAL CENTER

  • HISTADRUT WAS THE NUCLEUS OF THE STATE BECAUSE

    • IT WAS AN ARENA FOR POLITICAL COMPETITION
    • IT HELD RESOURCES FOR DISTRIBUTION
    • IT CONTROLLED ITS OWN MILITARY FORCE
    • IT COULD DISCIPLINE OTHER SECTIONS OF THE YISHUV


THE KIBBUTZ

  • THE KIBBUTZ WAS A COLLECTIVE FARM

  • MEMBERS LIVED COMMUNALLY

  • MEMBERS SHARED THE PROFITS

  • MEMBERS HAD NO INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY



ICONOGRAPHY OF THE KIBBUTZ



  • QUASI-PEASANT KIBBUTZNIKS



  • COMMUNAL KIBBUTZNIKS



  • PROGRESSIVE WOMEN KIBBUTZNIKS



WHAT ABOUT THE JEWISH NATIONAL FUND?

  • BOUGHT LAND USING DONATIONS FROM ABROAD

  • HELD LAND AS A “CORPORATION”

  • MADE “SOCIALIST” I.E., NON-MARKET DECISIONS ABOUT PURCHASE AND USE

  • NEVER SOLD LAND



ESDRAELON/JEZREEL WAS THE SITE OF MUCH JEWISH AGRICULTURE





WHY WAS IT IMPORTANT?

  • THE KIBBUTZ PROVIDED THE ZIONISM WITH TERRITORIAL EXTENSION

  • BY REPLACING FOR-PROFIT AGRICULTURE THE KIBBUTZ ALSO CREATED JEWISH PEASANTS

  • THE KIBBUTZ PROVIDED THE IMAGE OF A HEROIC ZIONIST PIONEER AND PROVIDED THE MANPOWER FOR THE NUCLEUS OF THE PROTO-ARMY.



WHAT WAS HAGANA?

  • A MILITIA ATTACHED TO HISTADRUT

  • 1907 BEN GURION AND BEN TZVI FOUNDED THE BAR GIORA AND BY 1914 FIELDED FOUR SQUADS

  • 1920 ACHDUT HAAVODA PARTY ORGANIZED DIRECTLY UNDER THE POLITICAL CONTROL OF THE HISTADRUT LEADERSHIP

  • HAGANA EMERGED FROM THE REALITY OF RURAL SELF-HELP BUT ITS STRUCTURE DERIVED FROM EUROPEAN SOCIALIST VIEWS OF THE STATE

  • 1936 HAGANA HAD 3,000 MEN AT ARMS AND A CLEAR “DUAL POWER” IN PALESTINE EXISTED.



THE ICONOGRAPHY OF HAGANA



  • A SOCIETY IN ARMS: WOMEN TOO



  • TRAINED TO FIGHT AS WELL AS DRILL`



HEBREW

  • YIDDISH WAS THE COMMON LANGUAGE OF EUROPEAN JEWS

  • HEBREW CREATED A COMMON CULTURE

  • HEBREW ALSO FORCED THEM TO CUT TIES WITH THEIR PAST

  • BIBLICAL (CLASSICAL) HEBREW HAD TO BE MADE VERNACULAR (NATIONAL)



THIRD ALIYA

  • BETWEEN 1920 AND 1925

  • SECOND GENERATION OF PRE-STATE LEADERS

  • STILL ONLY ABOUT 35,000 JEWS CAME IN THAT WAVE.



LARGE-SCALE IMMIGRATION IN THE LATE 20s AND 30s

  • INCREASED IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE BECAUSE:

  • 1924 CLOSURE OF THE US

  • GROWTH OF STATE-SPONSORED ANTI-SEMITISM IN EUROPE

  • 60,000 CAME IN THE FOURTH ALIYA AND 190,000 JEWS CAME BETWEEN 1932 AND 1936



REINFORCEMENT OF LABOR ZIONISM

  • HISTADRUT WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST OF THE ABSORPTION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS

  • MOST WERE URBAN RESIDENTS WHO DEPENDED ON THE DUAL ECONOMY FOR EVEN MINIMAL SURVIVAL



LESS GLAMOROUS FACTORY WORKERS



LUNCH TIME LECTURES



NEEDED URBAN SERVICES



Yüklə 2,87 Mb.

Dostları ilə paylaş:




Verilənlər bazası müəlliflik hüququ ilə müdafiə olunur ©genderi.org 2024
rəhbərliyinə müraciət

    Ana səhifə