World meteorological organization
Yüklə 2,53 Mb.
|
- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Specific monitoring on the exchange of Antarctic data carried out from 1 to 15 February 2002
- Follow-up action and further monitoring activities
|
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION EXECUTIVE COUNCILWORKING GROUP ON ANTARCTIC METEOROLOGY EIGHTH SESSION GENEVA, SWITZERLAND, 25-27 NOVEMBER 2002 FINAL REPORT WMO General Regulations 42 and 43Regulation 42 Recommendations of working groups shall have no status within the Organization until they have been approved by the responsible constituent body. In the case of joint working groups, the recommendations must be concurred with by the presidents of the constituent bodies concerned before being submitted to the designated constituent body. Regulation 43 In the case of a recommendation made by a working group between sessions of the responsible constituent body, either in a session of a working group or by correspondence, the president of the body may, as an exceptional measure, approve the recommendation on behalf of the constituent body when the matter is, in his opinion, urgent, and does not appear to imply new obligations for Members. He may then submit this recommendation for adoption by the Executive Council or to the President of the Organization for action in accordance with Regulation 9(5). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Executive Council Working Group on Antarctic Meteorology held its eighth session in Geneva, from 25 to 27 November 2002. On behalf of the Secretary-General, Dr Hong Yan, the Assistant Secretary General, welcomed all participants to Geneva. He pointed out that since its seventh session, the Working Group on Antarctic Meteorology had dealt with many important issues, and he thanked Mr. Hutchinson for his excellent contributions to the co-ordination of the WMO Antarctic activities and for representing WMO at ATCM and SCAR meetings. The session noted with appreciation the report of the chairman of the Working Group, Mr H. Hutchinson, on the activities of the Working Group since its seventh session in 1998. It was noted that during the intersessional period the Working Group had carried out its work of co-ordinating meteorological programmes in the Antarctic largely by correspondence, but now aided ever more frequently by communications via the Internet. The session reviewed the terms of reference assigned to the Working Group and agreed to submit RECOMMENDATION 1, EC Working Group on Antarctic Meteorology (See Appendix III), to continue its authorization. The meeting reviewed the status of the Observing System in the Antarctic Region, and adopted RECOMMENDATION 2 (EC/WGAM-VIII), Antarctic Basic Synoptic Network, with an Annex that contains a revised list of stations proposed for inclusion in the ABSN. In keeping with the actions of the WMO Regional Associations, the session decided to define a network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations for the Antarctic, which will constitute the Antarctic Basic Climatological Network (ABCN). It adopted RECOMMENDATION 3 (EC/WGAM-VIII), Antarctic Basic Climatological Network (ABCN), with an Annex that contains a list of stations proposed for inclusion in the ABCN. The Working Group discussed the requirements for data processing in Antarctica and agreed to RECOMMENDATION 4 (EC/WGAM-VIII), Data-Processing Activities and Meteorological Services in the Antarctic (Appendix VI), which sets out the stations to perform these functions, details the functions that are included and establishes the criteria by which such stations should be selected. Considering the Telecommunications issues within the Antarctic Region, the Working Group adopted the plan contained in Appendix VII, which contains a compilation of the information available in the Secretariat related to the collection of data from the 77 stations, which will form the ABSN/ABCN. In support of this plan, the Working Group agreed to RECOMMENDATION 5 (EC/WGAM-VIII), Amendments To The Manual On The Global Telecommunication System – Volume II, (Appendix VIII). The meeting noted that the special monitoring reports to WMO Members are now made available by the Secretariat on the WMO web server. These monitoring reports comprise the analysis of the annual global monitoring of the operation of the WWW, the analysis of the Special MTN Monitoring and the analysis of the special monitoring of the exchange of Antarctic data. The meeting reviewed the programme monitoring report regarding WMO Antarctic Activities during the period 2000-2001 and the draft text, prepared by the Secretariat, of chapter 1.10 for inclusion in the Sixth Long-term Plan (6LTP). The session also reviewed a summary of relevant recommendations by Congress and Executive Council related to long-term planning. After discussion, the meeting endorsed the DRAFT TEXT FOR SIXTH WMO LONG-TERM PLAN (2004 2012) contained in Appendix IX. The session noted that a Guide to the GSN and GUAN had recently been completed (Guide to the GCOS Surface and Upper-Air Networks: GSN and GUAN (GCOS-73, September 2002)), which describes in detail the scope, purpose, operating protocols, best practices and other information relevant to the networks. GCOS Monitoring Centres had been established for both the GSN and GUAN and have been fully operational since 2000. The meeting agreed that is was essential to keep manned stations running in the long term and therefore adopted RECOMMENDATION 6 (EC/WGAM-VIII), Maintenance of manned meteorological and climatological stations in the Antarctic, (Appendix X). The WG discussed the current status of the Antarctic “Ozone Hole” and the monitoring that is carried out using various means. The Secretariat distributes Bulletins providing current Antarctic ozone hole conditions during August-December via the WMO-Global Telecommunication System (GTS) and the internet. These Bulletins use near-real-time data provided by the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) stations operated within or near Antarctica. Ozone data analyses are prepared in collaboration with the WMO World Ozone and Ultraviolet Data Centre (WOUDC) in Toronto, Canada, through the co-operation and support of the Meteorological Service of Canada. UV data for these analyses are provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation’s (NSF) UV Monitoring Network. Although the provisions of the Montreal Protocol and its extensions are beginning to reduce the amount of ozone-depleting chemicals in the atmosphere, the Antarctic ozone-hole will continue to exist for many decades. The 2002 ozone-hole does not mark the beginning of any improvement. In carrying out its Antarctic activities, WMO collaborates with other international organisations, in particular with the ATCM, SCAR, the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP) and the Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission on Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM). The EC had requested its WGAM, in consultation with other WMO programmes, to strengthen cooperation on Antarctic matters. It also recommended facilitating and promoting the CLIC project for the Antarctic. This cooperation will help to ensure a coordinated and cost effective implementation of the scientific and technical programs. In carrying out these requests, the chairman of the WGAM had participated in each meeting of the ATCM and SCAR/COMNAP during the intersessional period. The group felt that in order to draw attention of WMO Members to the International Programme for Antarctic Buoys (IPAB) and to solicit support to the programme, a new WMO EC resolution was needed. Therefore it adopted RECOMMENDATION 7 (EC/WGAM-VIII), Maintenance of and Support to the WCRP International Programme for Antarctic Buoys (IPAB), which is given in Appendix XI. .
The meeting adopted the agenda as reproduced in Appendix II.
The session agreed to its working hours and schedule.
(a) Resolution 10 (EC-LI) - Executive Council Working Group on Antarctic Meteorology The session reviewed Resolution 10 (EC-LI) under agenda item 2 and recommended that this resolution be replaced by a new one based on the RECOMMENDATION 1 adopted by the working group (see Appendix III). (b) Resolution 11 (EC-LI) - Antarctic Basic Synoptic Network The session noted that EC-LIII (June 2001) replaced this resolution by Resolution 5 (EC-LIII) - Antarctic Basic Synoptic Network, containing a revised list of ABSN stations based on proposals made by the Expert meeting on WWW Operational Arrangements in the Antarctic (Geneva, October 2000). The session reviewed Resolution 5 (EC-LIII) under agenda item 4.1 and proposed to the Executive Council a new recommendation on this subject, as contained in Appendix IV. (c) Resolution 12 (EC-LI) - Amendment to the Manual on the Global Telecommunication System (WMO No. 386), Volume II, Regional Aspects, The Antarctic The session noted that appropriate amendments were made and included in the Manual on the GTS, Volume II, Regional Aspects, The Antarctic. EC-LIII replaced this resolution by Resolution 6 (EC-LIII) containing new amendments to the Manual on the GTS, Volume II, based on proposals made by the Expert Meeting on WWW Operational Arrangements in the Antarctic, (Geneva, October 2000). These new amendments were also included in the Manual on the GTS, Volume II, Regional Aspects, The Antarctic. The working group noted that EC LIV decided not to keep in force the Resolution 6 (EC LIII). 3.2 The session reviewed four other resolutions of Congress and Executive Council relating to Antarctic meteorology which are still in force. The proposed comments and suggestions for each of these resolutions are as follows : (a) Resolution 6(Cg-XII) - WMO Antarctic Activities The session recalled that the twelfth Congress noted with appreciation the work of the Executive Council through its Working Group on Antarctic Meteorology in coordinating the meteorological programmes in the Antarctic and adopted Resolution 6 (Cg XII). The working group reviewed this resolution under agenda item 2 and, taking into account the important activities that were continuing in Antarctica and surrounding areas recommended to keep this resolution in force. (b) Resolution 17 (EC-XXXIX) - Observations from ships and aircraft operating in the Antarctic The session reviewed this resolution under agenda item 4.1.2 and recommended keeping it in force. (c) Resolution 11 (EC XLVI) - Organization of an International Programme for Antarctic Buoys The session reviewed this resolution under agenda item 6.2 and proposed to the Executive Council to adopt a new resolution based on Recommendation 6 (EC/WGAM VIII), as contained in Appendix XI. (d) Resolution 12 (EC XLVI) - Further Development of the Global Observing System in the Antarctic The session reviewed this resolution under agenda item 4.1 and recommended to keep it in force.
The meeting reviewed the status of the Antarctic Basic Synoptic Network (ABSN). As regards the overall level of implementation of the network, the table below shows that implementation slightly increased at main standard times over the period 1998 – 2002 (95% > 96%). There was, however, a noticeable increase (70% > 75%) for the upper-air stations. Nevertheless, results of specific monitoring on the exchange of Antarctic data carried out in February 2002 showed that the daily average SYNOP reports from Antarctica received at main MTN centres such as Bracknell was 72%, a slight decrease from the 74% in 1998. The daily average of TEMP reports received increased from 64% in 1998 to 66% in 2002. Having considered the monitoring results and comments provided by members of the WGAM on the observational programmes of meteorological stations in the Antarctic, the working group adopted RECOMMENDATION 2 (EC/WGAM-VIII), Antarctic Basic Synoptic Network, with an Annex that contains a revised list of stations proposed for inclusion in the ABSN. It is attached as Appendix IV. The working group noted that any modification of the ABSN, needed careful study. In particular upper air observations (radiosondes) in Antarctica are a very important tool to use in forecast models in the Southern hemisphere, such as that run by the ECMWF. Those applications include regional, local and aviation forecasts, satellite calibration and validation etc. With reference to this statement RECOMMENDATION 6 (EC/WGAM-VIII) was adopted. Implementation of surface and upper-air networks
The working group recalled that in-situ observations from the Southern Ocean and Antarctic ice zone are obtained primarily from Voluntary Observing Ships and drifting buoys, both in the water and on the ice. It recognized that the numbers of ships operating in high latitudes in the Southern Ocean are relatively small, consisting primarily of research ships, Antarctic supply vessels and Antarctic tour ships. It was therefore essential that all such ships were recruited to make meteorological and oceanographic observations, to be distributed in real time on the GTS. The group urged Members operating such ships to ensure that they were all recruited to the VOS scheme, and transmitted regular meteorological reports, via Inmarsat or other appropriate communications systems. The session noted that there are concerns regarding the distribution of SHIP reports from ships operating in Antarctic waters. It requested Members that operated ships that were likely to be transmitting SHIP reports during the next SMM period to specify these to the Secretariat so that they could be monitored. It also requested that ships messages should be monitored at the bulletin level. The working group noted with interest that a World-wide Recurring ASAP Project (WRAP) had recently been initiated, as a co-operative venture by Australia, U.K. USA and EUMETNET, providing very valuable upper air soundings from parts of the Southern Ocean. While WRAP soundings did not normally occur south of 45-50°S, the group nevertheless recognized the potential of such a co-operative approach to ASAP to also provide upper air data from Antarctic waters. It therefore urged Members to consider the initiation of such a co-operative project using an appropriate Antarctic vessel, with assistance as required from the ASAP Panel of JCOMM. Since the number of observations from ships as well as from aircraft over the Antarctic is still insufficient, the working group agreed that it would be valuable to keep in force Resolution 17 (EC XXXIX) - Observations from ships and aircraft operating in the Antarctic. The session suggested that aircraft reports should be coded up in CODAR format if the aircraft was not equipped with AMDAR.
The session recalled that following recommendation of CBS-XII (November December 2000) a positive experience had been gained by all Regional Associations in adopting the concept of defining Regional Basic Climate Networks. Recognizing the need to improve the availability of climate data and to more fully apply WWW monitoring procedures for this purpose, the working group decided to define a network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations for the Antarctic, which will constitute the Antarctic Basic Climatological Network (ABCN). The Secretariat, based on the monitoring results and information provided by Members and the criteria defined by the Regional Associations, had proposed an ABCN station list which included all GCOS Surface Network (GSN) and GCOS Upper Air Network (GUAN) stations in the Antarctic as well as CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations. Accordingly, the working group adopted RECOMMENDATION 3 (EC/WGAM-VIII), Antarctic Basic Climatalogical Network (ABCN), with an Annex that contains a list of stations proposed for inclusion in the ABCN (see Appendix V).
The Working Group discussed the requirements for data processing in Antarctica and the functions proposed for stations in the Antarctic providing data-processing and other meteorological services, including services for shipping, aircraft, local operations and research. The Group agreed that the operation of the distribution of observational data and processed information required at Antarctic stations was satisfactory. The Group noted that products were more and more accessed and delivered through Internet, complementing efficiently the GTS and dedicated satellite links. The session considered the existing list of defined stations to perform data-processing and meteorological service functions in Antarctic as listed in the WMO Manual on the Global Data Processing System, Volume II, chapter on the Antarctic, publication No 485. The Group agreed to modify the list of stations, given the new capabilities and actual performed functions; and the session adopted RECOMMENDATION 4 (EC/WGAM-VIII), Data-Processing Activities and Meteorological Services in the Antarctic (Appendix VI).
4.3.1 Collection of data from ABSN/ABCN stations to the collecting centres Appendix VII, entitled “Arrangements for the Collection of Data from Antarctic Stations” contains a compilation of the information available in the Secretariat related to the collection of data from 75 Antarctic stations. This information includes:
Seventy Antarctic stations are collected by five collecting centres located in Antarctica (Davis, Frei, Marambio, McMurdo and Rothera), and by seven other centres (Darmstadt, Hobart, New Delhi, Pretoria, St Petersburg, Toulouse and Wallops). Sixteen stations (22 per cent of the ABSN stations) transmit their data via radio means, mostly by HF, 42 stations via ARGOS, 3 stations via Meteosat DCPs and 9 stations via other satellite systems. Fifty-two stations (77 per cent of the stations) use satellite systems. 4.3.2 Insertion of the Antarctic data into the GTS by the collecting centres Except for Hobart, the collecting centres, which are not located in Antarctica, are GTS RTHs. In accordance with the information available in the Secretariat, the telecommunication means used by the five Antarctic collecting centres to transmit the Antarctic data to RTHs are as follows:
4.3.3 Distribution of products to Antarctic stations The present arrangements for the reception of data at Antarctic stations include the following options:
The Working Group agreed to make appropriate amendments to the Manual on the GTS - Volume II - The Antarctic based on the proposed lists of ABSN/ABCN stations as contained in RECOMMENDATION 5 (EC/WGAM-VIII), Appendix VIII.
Specific monitoring on the exchange of Antarctic data carried out from 1 to 15 February 2002
Note: The percentages are calculated by comparing the number of reports received to the number of reports expected from the list of ABSN/ABCN stations. The percentage for CLIMAT reports is low due to the inclusion of AWSs, which do not produce such reports.
Follow-up action and further monitoring activities
The operational information makes it possible for the centres to keep abreast of the meteorological set of data available on the GTS and the means to receive the data at the WWW centres. It can be helpful in identifying the reasons for the discrepancies in the monitoring results and in mitigating the deficiencies observed.
The meeting reviewed the programme monitoring report regarding WMO Antarctic Activities, as specified in the Fifth Long-term Plan (5LTP), during the period 2000-2001 and the draft text, prepared by the Secretariat, of chapter 1.10 for the inclusion in the Sixth Long-term Plan (6LTP). The session also reviewed a summary of relevant recommendations by Congress and Executive Council related to the long-term planning. After discussion, the meeting endorsed the DRAFT TEXT FOR SIXTH WMO LONG-TERM PLAN (2004-2012) regarding WMO Antarctic Activities for inclusion in the 6 LTP, as contained in Appendix IX.
The meeting noted with appreciation presentations given by Argentina, Australia, Chile, China, France, Germany, Russian Federation and United Kingdom regarding their current and planned activities in the Antarctic. Summaries of these presentations are reproduced in the Annex to this paragraph.
The meeting recalled that the GSN and GUAN were formally established in 1999 and 1996, respectively, to provide long-term, consistent, homogeneous, reliable observations needed to monitor the physical state of the atmospheric component of the global climate system. They are intended to improve the quality and availability of the climate data and to encourage their preservation and exchange into the future. They are also intended to serve as a standard for developing and improving the denser Regional Baseline Climate Networks (RBCNs) that are needed for regional climate applications, as well as to provide data needed for verification of satellite observations. A Guide to the GSN and GUAN has recently been completed (Guide to the GCOS Surface and Upper-Air Networks: GSN and GUAN (GCOS-73, September 2002) which describes in detail the scope, purpose, operating protocols, best practices and other information relevant to the networks. GCOS Monitoring Centres have been established for both the GSN and GUAN and have been fully operational since 2000. The session was informed that no historical climatic data had been submitted to the WDC. Most Members had however contributed to the READER project and the data was available on the READER site at : http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/READER
The GSN currently consists of 969 stations distributed globally. Monitoring results from the GSNMC over the period from 1999 to mid-2002 had shown that between 24% and 45% of the expected CLIMAT messages from the 21 Antarctic GSN stations were not being received by the GSNMC. WMO Global Telecommunications System (GTS) monitoring had shown that SYNOP messages were indeed being transmitted. The Working Group reiterated the request that station operators be requested to ensure that CLIMAT messages from all their stations be developed and submitted via the GTS or alternative equivalent means.
The GUAN currently consists of 150 stations distributed globally, including the 12 Antarctic stations adopted by EC/WGAM-VII in 1998. GCOS monitoring results showed that CLIMAT TEMP reports were consistently received from 8 of these stations via the GTS. Three stations appeared to be operating satisfactorily but were not submitting CLIMAT TEMPs. The session supported the request to operators of all GUAN stations to operate their stations in accordance with the procedures described in GCOS 73, including the regular submission of CLIMAT TEMP messages via the GTS.
The session discussed the current status of the Antarctic “Ozone Hole” and the monitoring that is carried out using various means. The WMO Secretariat acts as a clearing house for certain of these data with contributions from many world-wide agencies. The Secretariat distributes Bulletins providing current Antarctic ozone hole conditions, usually during August-December each year. Bulletins are distributed via the WMO-Global Telecommunication System (GTS) and are also available through the Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme web page at: www.wmo.ch/web/arep/ozone.html. These Bulletins use provisional near-real-time data provided by the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) stations operated within or near Antarctica by: Argentina, Argentina/Finland, Argentina/Italy/Spain, Australia, France, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, UK, and USA. Satellite ozone data are provided by NASA/TOMS, NOAA/TOVS, NOAA/SBUV/2 and ESA/GOME. Potential vorticity maps are provided by ECMWF and their ERA 15 and daily T 106 meteorological fields are analysed by the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway, to provide vortex extent and extreme temperature information. Maps of these analyses, including animated time-series plots may be viewed at: http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir/o3hole Ozone data analyses are prepared in collaboration with the WMO World Ozone and Ultraviolet Data Centre (WOUDC) in Toronto, Canada, through the co-operation and support of the Meteorological Service of Canada. Charts of total ozone over Antartica (in Dobson units) may be viewed for various dates, including the current map at:
UV data for these analyses are provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation’s (NSF) UV Monitoring Network.
The size, depth and persistence of the ozone hole will vary from year to year due to natural changes in meteorological conditions in the stratosphere. The 2002 small hole and the previous two years (2000, 2001) large holes are viewed as a response to different and unusual meteorological conditions rather than the beginning of a trend toward smaller or larger ozone holes for the coming years. The present scientific consensus is that even under full compliance with the present international agreements that would phase out production of practically all ozone depleting compounds, it is expected that the ozone layer will remain particularly vulnerable for another decade. The total amount of ozone depleting substances in the stratosphere is believed to have reached or nearly reached its maximum, and is expected to decrease to pre-ozone hole values within about 50 years, leading to a slow decay in the ozone hole.
Several Information Papers from WMO were presented to each ATCM in recent years. For instance there were four at ATCM XXIV in St Petersburg covering the following topics : Report by the WMO in relation to Article III(2) of the Antarctic Treaty (Plenary). The role of WMO in Antarctic Meteorological Networks (Working Group 2). Status of the Ozone Hole (Working Group 2). Antarctic Weather Prediction Including Ocean Waves and Sea Ice - The International Antarctic Weather Forecasting Handbook (Working Group 2). The Report of WMO to ATCM XXV, Information Paper 105 - WMO, in relation to Article III(2) of the Antarctic Treaty was presented.
The working group noted that the Working Group on Physics and Chemistry of the Atmosphere (PACA) met from 14 16 July at SCAR XXVII in Shanghai, and was also involved in the planning of the SCAR symposium on 17 July on “The Antarctic sea ice zone – Physical and Biological Processes and Interactions”. Over the first three days a series of business meetings were held, along with a number of short scientific symposia. The symposia held were “Progress with understanding the Antarctic ozone hole” and “Antarctic climate change over the last 50 years – results of the SCAR READER project”. PACA would like to extend the READER project for a further two years under the Physical Sciences SSG so that upper air data can also be collected and analysed. The project will end in 2004.
The working group further noted that the READER (Reference Antarctic Data for Environmental Research) project will produce a new, improved climate data set for the Antarctic surface and troposphere/lower stratosphere. Phase I is nearing completion. This involved the collation and interpretation of all the national data sets of routine meteorological reports, application of quality control and derivation of new monthly climate statistics. Metadata have also been added. Tables of the monthly means of surface temperature, pressure and wind speed have also been produced, and are available on a CD and at the READER Web site (http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/READER). Two meetings have been held since READER commenced in 2000 (Hobart, 2001 and Cambridge, UK 2002) for project planning and discussion of initial results. Seasonal climate trends for stations are starting to be produced, for identification of recent and contemporary climate change in Antarctica. The next phase of READER will involve producing the upper air data set. Ultimately, analyses of these data will permit the identification of climate trends and changes at upper levels and allow these to be related to change at the surface. The session suggested that additional parameters of precipitation, cloud, humidity and solar radiation should be included as part of the READER data base. (b) Weather Forecasting At SCAR XXVI PACA released the first version of the International Antarctic Weather Forecasting Handbook, which had been produced in conjunction with COMNAP, WMO and extensive input from Antarctic operators. The Handbook is now at version 3.0 and can be obtained via the COMNAP Web site or on CD from J. Turner : J.Turner@bas.ac.uk
The working group was informed on the WCRP activities including the WCRP International Programme for Antarctic Buoys (IPAB). The group noted with appreciation that the scope of the WCRP studies in the Antarctic had been expanding. A WCRP project “Climate and Cryosphere” (CliC) was founded by the WCRP in 2000. It is a global project and addresses several areas of scientific research in the Antarctic and the Southern Ocean. A preliminary agreement was reached between the WCRP and SCAR that SCAR would be a co-sponsor of CliC. A CliC Science and Co-ordination Plan (SCP) was published as WCRP-114 (WMO/TD No. 1053) in January 2001. An electronic version of the plan is available as a file clic_5mar.pdf at a CliC web site at : http:/clic.npolar.no. The Working Group noted that a new joint Panel was formed by two WCRP projects, CLIVAR and CliC. It would be addressing climate research in the Southern Ocean. Studies of the World Ocean Experiment (WOCE) included several transects in the Southern Ocean. The majority of them will be supported by CLIVAR after the end of WOCE. The “Stratospheric Process and Climate” (SPARC) project of the WCRP also has interests in the Antarctic, e.g. ozone layer dynamics. The group further noted with interest that WCRP projects CliC and GEWEX organized an international workshop on Determination of Solid Precipitation in Cold Climate Regions. It was co-sponsored by GCOS and hosted by the University of Alaska Fairbanks on 9-14 June 2002. The workshop reviewed the current status of measuring or determining precipitation in cold climate regions and recommended actions that would allow determination of precipitation over a range of time and space scales for climatological and hydrological analyses, regional water budgets, validation and process experiments and models. The group recognized that drifting ocean data buoys, both in the water and on ice, are likely to remain an essential source of in situ meteorological and oceanographic data from the Southern Ocean and Antarctic waters for the foreseeable future. It noted with appreciation that the Data Buoy Cooperation Panel (DBCP) has implemented a Southern Ocean Programme as part of its overall implementation strategy, and that currently this programme was maintaining an operational network of at least 100 drifters with pressure sensors in waters south of 30°S. Further south, a network of buoys on the Antarctic ice was being maintained by the WCRP IPAB, an action group of the DBCP. The group discussed the status of the WCRP IPAB. Since 2000 approximately 20 buoys have been deployed each year in the Antarctic sea-ice zone. It noted with interest that, recognizing the significant positive role of IPAB observations in operational weather prediction and scientific research, the third meeting of the programme participants (2000, Fairbanks) decided to re-establish it as an on-going programme. The Working Group noted that as their input to the IPAB, the Russian Federation proposed to provide support in deploying ARGOS buoys using the icebreaker "Akademic Fedorov", which operated annually in the ice covered regions of the Southern ocean. The meeting was informed that the biggest systematic differences in the mean sea level atmospheric pressure analyses made in weather forecasting centres were located in the Southern Ocean. Lack or shortage of atmospheric pressure observations may lead to worse geoid estimates from satellite missions like GOCE and GRACE and poor altimeter sea-/ice-sheet topography recovery. These deficiencies may affect the quality of data to be provided by the planned ICESat and CryoSat missions. According to ESA estimates, deployment of sea level pressure devices in the South Pacific sector is most desirable for reduction of the errors in sea level pressure analyses. The most rational option would appear to be periodic deployment of a sea level pressure buoy on Peter I Island. The working group agreed that the need for operational meteorological agencies to support the IPAB was essential. It felt that buoy operators should make every effort to route data collected through Service Argos over the GTS. In this connection, the group recalled that the EC LIV had decided to keep in force Resolution 11 (EC-XLVI of 1994) “Organization of an International Programme for Antarctic Buoys”. The group felt that in order to draw attention of WMO Members to IPAB and to solicit appropriate support to the programme, a new resolution of Executive Council would be required. Therefore it adopted RECOMMENDATION 6 (EC/WGAM-VIII). In view of the importance of monitoring climate changes in the Antarctic the Working Group proposed organizing a Meeting of Experts in Antarctic meteorology. The Meeting might be organized in 2004 or 2005 in the Arctic & Antarctic Research Institute (St Petersburg, Russian Federation) with co-sponsoring by the WMO.
The working group noted with great interest a presentation given by the representative of the Russian Federation entitled "Russian studies of subglacial lake Vostok, Antarctica". The summary of this presentation is reproduced in the Annex to this paragraph.
In closing the meeting, the chairman congratulated the participants on accomplishing a remarkable amount of work in a very short time and wished them all well in their future endeavours. The meeting closed at 15h15 on 27 November 2002
Yüklə 2,53 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||