115. Fisher CM. Some neuro-ophthalmological observa-
tions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 30 (5), 383–
392, 1967.
116. Chung CS, Caplan LR, Yamamoto Y, et al. Striato-
capsular haemorrhage. Brain 123 (Pt 9), 1850–1862,
2000.
117. Baloh RW, Furman JM, Yee RD. Dorsal midbrain
syndrome: clinical and oculographic findings. Neu-
rology 35 (1), 54–60, 1985.
118. Choi KD, Jung DS, Kim JS. Specificity of ‘‘peering
at the tip of the nose’’ for a diagnosis of thalamic
hemorrhage. Arch Neurol 61, 417–422, 2004.
119. Litvan I, Jankovic J, Goetz CG, et al. Accuracy of the
clinical diagnosis of postencephalitic parkinsonism: a
clinicopathologic study. Eur J Neurol 5 (5), 451–457,
1998.
120. Jhee SS, Zarotsky V, Mohaupt SM, et al. Delayed
onset of oculogyric crisis and torticollis with intra-
muscular haloperidol. Ann Pharmacother 37 (10),
1434–1437, 2003.
121. Pannullo SC, Reich JB, Krol G, et al. MRI changes
in intracranial hypotension. Neurology 43, 919–926,
1993.
122. Keane JR. Alternating skew deviation: 47 patients.
Neurology 35 (5), 725–728, 1985.
123. Brandt TH, Dieterich M. Different types of skew de-
viation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54 (6), 549–
550, 1991.
124. Keane JR. Ocular skew deviation. Analysis of 100
cases. Arch Neurol 32 (3), 185–190, 1975.
125. Smith JL, David NJ, Klintworth G. Skew deviation.
Neurology 14, 96–105, 1964.
126. Johkura K, Komiyama A, Tobita M, et al. Saccadic
ping-pong gaze. J Neuroophthalmol 18, 43–46, 1998.
127. Daroff RB, Hoyt WF. Supranuclear disorders of oc-
ular control systems in man: clinical, anatomical and
physiological correlations. In: Bach-y-Rita P, Collins
CC, Hyde JE, eds. The Control of Eye Movements.
New York: Academic Press, pp 175–235, 1971.
128. Ochs AL, Stark L, Hoyt WF, et al. Opposed
adducting saccades in convergence-retraction nys-
tagmus: a patient with sylvian aqueduct syndrome.
Brain 102 (3), 497–508, 1979.
129. Fischer CM. Ocular bobbing. Arch Neurol 11, 543–
546, 1964.
130. Rosenberg ML. Spontaneous vertical eye move-
ments in coma. Ann Neurol 20 (5), 635–637, 1986.
131. Herishanu YO, Abarbanel JM, Frisher S, et al.
Spontaneous vertical eye movements associated with
pontine lesions. Isr J Med Sci 27 (6), 320–324, 1991.
132. Lourie H. Seesaw nystagmus. Case report elucidat-
ing the mechanism. Arch Neurol 9, 531–533, 1963.
133. Sano K, Sekino H, Tsukamoto Y, et al. Stimulation
and destruction of the region of the interstitial
nucleus in cases of torticollis and see-saw nystagmus.
Confin Neurol 34 (5), 331–338, 1972.
134. Keane JR. Intermittent see-saw eye movements.
Report of a patient in coma after hyperextension
head injury. Arch Neurol 35 (3), 173–174, 1978.
135. Schott JM, Rossor MN. The grasp and other prim-
itive reflexes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74 (5),
558–560, 2003.
136. Jacobs L, Gossman MD. Three primitive reflexes in
normal adults. Neurology 30 (2), 184–188, 1980.
137. De RE, Barbieri C. The incidence of the grasp reflex
following hemispheric lesion and its relation to fron-
tal damage. Brain 115 (Pt 1), 293–313, 1992.
138. Greenberg DA, Simon RP. Flexor and extensor
postures in sedative drug-induced coma. Neurology
32 (4), 448–451, 1982.
139. Jennett B, Teasdale G. Aspects of coma after severe
head injury. Lancet 1(8017), 878–881, 1977.
140. Sherrington CS. Cataleptoid reflexes in the monkey.
Proc Royal Soc Lond 60, 411–414, 1897.
141. Kirk MM, Hoogwerf BJ, Stoller JK. Reversible
decerebrate posturing after profound and prolonged
hypoglycemia. Cleve Clin J Med 58 (4), 361–363,
1991.
142. Conomy JP, Swash M. Reversible decerebrate and
decorticate postures in hepatic coma. N Engl J Med
278 (16), 876–879, 1968.
143. Strauss GI, Moller K, Larsen FS, et al. Cerebral
glucose and oxygen metabolism in patients with ful-
minant hepatic failure. Liver Transpl 9 (12), 1244–
1252, 2003.
144. Kosaka Y, Tanaka K, Sawa H, et al. Acid-base
disturbance in patients with fulminant hepatic fail-
ure. Gastroenterol Jpn 14(1), 24–30, 1979.
145. Krapf R, Caduff P, Wagdi P, et al. Plasma potassium
response to acute respiratory alkalosis. Kidney Int
47 (1), 217–224, 1995.
146. Spector RH, Davidoff RA, Schwartzman RJ.
Phenytoin-induced ophthalmoplegia. Neurology 26
(11), 1031–1034, 1976.
147. Pulst SM, Lombroso CT. External ophthalmoplegia,
alpha and spindle coma in imipramine overdose:
case report and review of the literature. Ann Neurol
14(5), 587–590, 1983.
148. Odaka M, Yuki N, Yamada M, et al. Bickerstaff’s
brainstem encephalitis: clinical features of 62 cases
and a subgroup associated with Guillain-Barre syn-
drome. Brain 126 (Pt 10), 2279–2290, 2003.
149. Ragosta K. Miller Fisher syndrome, a brainstem
encephalitis, mimics brain death. Clin Pediatr (Phila)
32 (11), 685–687, 1993.
150. Dhiravibulya K, Ouvrier R, Johnston I, et al. Benign
intracranial hypertension in childhood: a review of
23 patients. J Paediatr Child Health 27 (5), 304–307,
1991.
151. Thomke F, Mika-Gruttner A, Visbeck A, et al. The
risk of abducens palsy after diagnostic lumbar punc-
ture. Neurology 54 (3), 768–769, 2000.
152. Speer C, Pearlman J, Phillips PH, et al. Fourth cranial
nerve palsy in pediatric patients with pseudotumor
cerebri. Am J Ophthalmol 127 (2), 236–237, 1999.
153. Malouf R, Brust JC. Hypoglycemia: causes, neuro-
logical manifestations, and outcome. Ann Neurol
17(5), 421–430, 1985.
154. Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies.
Lancet 356 (9227), 411–417, 2000.
155. Mitchell P, Wilkinson ID, Hoggard N, et al.
Detection of subarachnoid haemorrhage with mag-
netic resonance imaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psy-
chiatry 70, 205–211, 2001.
156. Lin A, Ross BD, Harris K, et al. Efficacy of proton
magnetic resonance spectroscopy in neurological
diagnosis and neurotherapeutic decision making.
NeuroRx 2(2), 197–214, 2005.
86
Plum and Posner’s Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma