150
yashaydigan joy va ozuqa bilan
ta‘minlanadi hamda o‘sish,
ko‘payish va rivojlanish, nasl
qoldirish
uchun
muhitning
abiotik va biotik omillari bilan
aloqada bo‘ladi
to live as well as growth ,
reproduction and development ,
reproductive environment will
be in touch with the abiotic and
biotic factors
Populatsiyaning
etiologik
tuzilishi-
uning
a‘zolari
ortasidagi
qonuniy aloqalar bo‘lib, uning
asosida hayvonlar xulqlarini
o‘rganadigan ish yotadi.
legal relations between its
members , which lies at the
basis of animal studies the
moral .
Biotsenoz.
Tabiyatda
har
xil
turlar
populatsiyalari birlashib, yuqori
tuzilish va xususiyatlarga ega
bo‘lgan biologik birliklar yoki
biotzenozlarni
hosil
qiladi.
Biotsenozlar-bu
o‘simlik,
hayvon va mikroorganizmlar
populatsiylari guruhidan iborat
bo‘lib, ma‘lum joyda birlikda
yashashga moslashgan biologik
birlikdir.
Together different populations
of different nature , structure
and properties of biological
units or biotzenozlarni .
Biocenose this plant , animal
and microorganism populations
adapted to the group , is in a
certain place to live in harmony
biological units .
Fitosenoz
o'simliklar guruhlari
groups of plants
Zootsenoz
hayvonlar guruhlari
groups of animals
Mikrosenoz
mikroorganizmlar guruhlari
groups of microorganisms
Trofik aloqalar. Biosenozdagi
bir
turning
ikkinchi tur bilan, uning tirik
vakillari yoki o'lik qoldiqlari,
mah-sulotlari bilan oziqlanish
jarayonidan
kelib
chiqadi.
Masalan,
ninachilarning
hasharotlar bilan oziqlanishi,
qo'ng'izlarning
molok
go'ng
arilar changi, yo'lbarslar turli
o'ljalar, ularning qoldiqlari bilan
oziqlanishi misol bo'ladi
Biosenoz a match in the second
round , he 's alive or dead
remains , mah - ented feeding
process . For example , feeding
the dragonflies, insects , beetles
rubble of the fertilizing pollen
bees , tigers will be fed with
the remains of their booty
example
Forik
munosabatlar.
Biosenozdagi bir tur ikkinchi
turning
tarqalishiga
yordam
beradi. Bu holatda tashuvchi
vazifasini ko'pchilik hayvonlar
o'taydi (zooxoriya); hayvonlar
Biosenoz spread in a second
round match . In this case , the
function of many animals , and
( zooxoriya ) ; animal hair ,
stick caught in the flesh and
151
juni, tanasiga o'simlik urug'lari
ilinib, yopishib bir joydan
ikkinchi joyga tushadi
seeds of the plant falls one
place to second place
Fabrik
munosabatlarda
.
Biosenoz
ichidagi
bir
tur
o'zining yashash joyi uchun
ikkinchi tur qoldig'i, o'lik yoki
tirik qismlaridan foydalanadi.
Masalan, qushlar uya qurish
uchun o'simlik bargi, poyasi,
butalar shoxi, boshqa qushlar
patlari, hayvonlar junlari, paxta
va lattalardan ham foydalanadi.
Daryolardagi
toshlar
ustida
uchraydigan
qurtlar
loyqa,
o'simliklar
shoxi,
poyasi,
bargidan foydalanadi.
Biosenoz balance in the second
round for a tour of his place of
residence , dead or alive . For
example , birds build nests of
plant leaves , straw , shrubs and
other birds , horns, feathers ,
wool , cotton and cloth . Fuzzy
worms found on stones in
rivers , plants , horns , straw ,
leaves
Fiziologik
optimum.
Bu biotsenoz ichidagi turning
o'sish, ko'payish va rivojlanishi
uchun
hamma
abiotik
omillarning qulay bo'lishidir.
This biotsenoz species in the
growth , reproduction and
favorable for the development
of abiotic factors .
Sinekologik
optimum.
Bu biotsenoz ichidagi biotik
aloqalar bo'lib, shu yerdagi tur
boshqa turlar ta'siri (raqobati,
yirtqichlar, parazitlar)dan holi
sharoit
turning
yaxshi
rivojlanishiga imkon beradi.
Biotsenoz in symbiotic
relationships , the effect of this
species and other species on
earth ( competition , predators ,
parasites ) are free environment
allows for the development of
the species .
Neytraliim
—
(0:0)
Bunda
ikki
populatsiyadagi
asatsiatsiyalarda o'zaro ta‘sir
sezilmaydi, ikki populatsiya
individlari ham deyarlik bir
xilday yashaydi.
At the same time , the two
populations seen
asatsiatsiyalarda interaction of
individual populations are
almost the same .
Konkurensiya
(raqobatlilik)..
Bunda ikki populatsiyalar bir-
birlariga to‘sqinlik qiladilar.
Ya‘ni bir poplatsiya ikkinchi
populatsiya
bilan
defitsit
(yetishmaydigan)
resurslarni
o'zlashtirishda kurashadilar
At the same time , the two
populations that hinder each
other . Poplatsiya deficit in the
second populations ( missing )
struggle resources development
Amensalizjm
(-.0).
Bunda bir populatsiya o'ziga
zarar
keltirmasdan
ikkinchi
populatsiyaning
yashashiga
to'sqinlik
qiladi
yoki
uni
At the same time , populations
live in self - harm populations
hinder or prevent its growth .
Amensalizmga typical example
152
o'sishga
qo‗ymaydi.
Amensalizmga tipik misol qilib
antibiotik
zamburugMar
—
akti- nomitsetlar yoki o'simlik
fitonsidlarining
parazit
mikroorganizmlarga ko'rsatgan
ta‘sirini olish mumkin
of antibiotic zamburugMar
akti- nomitsetlar or plant can
influence fitonsidlarining
parasitic microorganisms
Parazitizm
va
yiritqichlik
(+,-) Bunda bir populatsiya
ikkinchi populatsiyaga hujum
qilib uning yashashishga zarar
keltiradi,
biroq
o‗zining
kelgusidagi
hayoti
ham
o‗ljasiga bevosita bog'liqdir
( + , - ) At the same time , a
second populations lived
populations that attacked his
loss , but are directly related to
the life of his future victims
Kommensaliztik (+,0) Bunda bir populatsiya
ikkinchi
populatsiya
bilan
birlashganda foyda ko'radi, bu
birlashish ikkinchi populatsiya
uchun esa ahamiyatsiz yoki
uning uchun bcfarq bo'ladi
( + 0 ) At the same time , a
second populations will benefit
from the combined populations
of this merger in the second
insignificant for the
populations or bcfarq
Mutualizm
(+,+)..
Birlashgan ikki populatsiya ham
faqat
foyda
ko'radi,
bu
birlashish ular uchun fovdalidir,
bunday birlashgan organizmlar
tabiiy sharoitda biri ikkinchisiz
hayot kechira oimaydi
United only two populations
will benefit from this merger ,
they fovdalidir one of these
natural conditions associated
organisms life oimaydi
Biosfera
Biosfera-
tirik
organizmlar
yashaydigan
va
ularning
ta‘sirida tinmay o‗zgaradigan
yer shari qobig‗ining bir
qismidir.
YErdagi
hamma
biogeotsenozlarning yig‗indisi
umumiy ekologik sistema –
biosferani hosil qiladi.
Biosfera- the influence of
living organisms and their
constantly changing part of the
crust of the globe . The total
sum of all biogeotsenozlarning
ecological system of the Earth
biosphere .
Gaz almashinish
funksiyasi.
fotosintez
va
nafas
olish
jarayonlariga bog‗liq. Avtotrof
organizmlarning
organik
moddalarni
sintezlash
jarayonida qadimgi atmosfera
tarkibidagi korbonat angidrid
ko‗p miqdorda sarflanadi
the processes of photosynthesis
and respiration . Avtotrof
organisms in the process of
synthesis of organic substances
contained in the atmosphere of
the old spent a lot of korbonat
dioxide .
Konsentratsiyal
ash funksiyasi
tirik organizmlar tomonidan
atrof-muxitda
tarkqalgan
kimyoviy
elementlarning
iving organisms by surrounding
environment tarkqalgan of
chemical elements in the
153
to‗planishidir.
O‗simliklar
fotosintez jarayonida kimyoviy
elementlarni tuproqda, kaliy,
fosfor,
azot,
vodorod
va
boshqalarni, havodan uglerod
olib
xo‗jayraning
organik
moddalari tarkibiga kiritadi
collection . Chemical elements
in the soil in the process of
photosynthesis of plants ,
potassium , phosphorus ,
nitrogen , hydrogen , and others
, from the air into the carbon
structure of the organic
substance in the cells
Oksidlanish–
qaytarilish
funksiyasi
o‗zgaruvchan valentlikka ega
bo‗lgan
kimyoviy
elementlarning
temir,
oltingurgut, marganets, azot va
boshqalarni
aylanishini
taominlaydi.
Valentine's changing the
chemical elements iron ,
oltingurgut , manganese ,
nitrogen and other food
circulation
Biokimyoviy
funksiyalar
tirik
organizmlarning
xayot
faoliyati davomida va ularning
o‗limidan keyin biokimyoviy
jarayonlarni
taominlaydi.
Biokimyoviy
funksiya
organizmlarning
oziqlanishi,
nafas olishi, ko‗payishi, o‗lgan
organizmlarning parchalanishi,
chirishi bilan bog‗liqdir
After the death of the life
activity of living organisms and
their biochemical processes
food . Biochemical function
organisms feeding , breathing ,
growth , decay of dead
organisms , and is connected
with the decay of
Biogen
migratsiyasi.
Kimyoviy elementlar doimiy
ravishda
bir
organizmdan
ikkinchisiga
tuproqdan,
atmosferadan,
gidrosferadan
tirik organizmlarga, ulardan esa
yana
atrof-muhitga
o‗tib,
biosferaning jonsiz moddalari
tarkibini to‗ldiradi
Chemical elements on a regular
basis one body to another , the
earth , the atmosphere ,
gidrosferadan living organisms
, the environment , the
biosphere fill the structure of
inanimate substances
Avtotrof
organizmlar.
Quyosh
energiyasini
yutib
anorganik moddalardan organik
moddalarning
birlamchi
o‗simlik
moddalarini
hosil
qiladi.
Solar energy won inorganic
substances , organic substances
in the original plant material .
Produtsentlar –.
o‗lik
moddalardan
tirik
moddalarni hosil qiluvchilar.
Bular, asosan fotosintezlovchi
murakkab va tuban yashil
o‗simliklardir
those living dead substances
substances . These are mostly
complex and low green plants
photosynthesis
Konsumetlar
yoki
istehmol
qiluvchilar.
Produtsentlar
hosil
qilgan
organik moddalarni istehmol
or those who istehmol .
Produtsentlar that the organic
substances istehmol . Their
154
qiladi. Ularga hayvonlar, parazit
o‗simlmk va mikroorganizmlar
kiradi
animals , parasites , plants and
microorganisms
Redutsentlar
organik
moddalarni
minerallashtiruvchilar, avvalgi
holatiga qaytaruvchilar. Ularga
bakteriyalar,
zamburug‗lar,
saprofit
usimliklar
kiradi.
Ifodali kilib aytganda xayot
estafetasini yashil o‗simliklar
boshlab hayvonlarga uzatadi,
uni bakteriyalar marraga olib
boradi, yana qaytadan yashil
o‗simliklarga uzatadi. YAngi
halqa boshlanib bu estafeta
tinmasdan davom etaveradi.
minerallashtiruvchilar organic
substances , and forbid their
previous state . Bacteria , fungi
, saprophytic plants .
Expressive terms , the green
baton of life leads to the finish
line it goes to the other animals
, plants , bacteria , and re -
transmits the green plants .
New ring that continues to
relay intense .
Biogenez
bosqichi.
Yerda biosfera birinchi tirik
organizmlar bi-lan bir vaqtda
paydo bo‗ldi. SHu vaqdan
boshlab
tirik
organizmlar
evolyusiyasi
bilan
birga
biosfera ham o‗zgara boradi.
Birinchi paydo bo‗lgan tirik
organizmlar
bir
hujayrali
geterotrof, anaeroblar edi.
Here, the first living organisms
appeared at the same time as
the biosphere . Vaqdan with
other living organisms
evolyusiyasi biosphere is
changing . The first one-celled
living organisms geterotrof
anaerobes .
155
VIII.АДАБИЁТЛАР РЎЙХАТИ
I. Asosiy adabiyotlar
1. Simon A. Levin
editor
2009 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton
University Press, 41 New Jersey 08540 William Street
2. Ergashev A. Umumiy ekologiya. T., "O‘zbekiston", 2003 y.
3. Egamberdiev R., Eshchanov R. ―Ekologiya asoslari‖, T.,―Zar qalam‖, 2004 y.
4. Qosimova S.T. va boshqalar. ―Atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish va shahar
iqlimshunosligi (o‘quv qo‘llanma)‖ T., Istiqlol, 2005 y.
5. ErgashevA. Ekologiya, biosferavatabiatnimuhofazaqilish. T., ―Yangi asr avlodi‖
2005 y.
6.S. Mustafoev, S. O‘roqov, P. Suvunov. Umumiy ekologiya. T., O‘zbekiston
Yozuvchilar uyushmasi Adabiyot jamg‘armasi nashriyoti, 2006 y.
7. Ergashev A., Yulchieva M., Ahmedov O‘., Abzalov A., Ekologiya, Toshkent, 2010
y.
8. Yulchieva M., Ahmedov O‘., Ergashev A., Nurmuxamedov A., Ekologiya (o‘quv-
uslubiy qo‘llanma) T., 2011 y.
9.Shodimetov Y., Ijtimoiy ekologiyaga kirish. T., "O‘qituvchi", 1994 y.
Qo‘shimcha adabiyotlar:
1. Otaboev Sh.T., Shomaxmudov A.L. Pestitsidlar gigienasi va toksikologiyasi. T.,
―O‘zbekiston‖, 1979 y.
2. TurdikulovE.A.Ekologicheskoe obrazovanie i vospitanie uchaщixsya. T.,
"O‗qituvchi",1991 g.
3. To‘xtaevA. Ekologiya.T., "O‘qituvchi", 1998 y.
4. ZiyomuxamedovB. Ekologiyavama'naviyat. T., ―Mehnat‖, 1997 y.
5. O‘zbekistonning ekologik sharxi. Indikatorlarga asoslangan.Toshkent.2008 y.
Internet va ziyonet saytlari
1.
www.wikipedia.com
2.
www.pharmapractice.ru
3.
www.remedium.ru
4.
www.pharmvestnik.ru
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