1500 Europe in isolation

1500 Europe in isolation

• 1500 Europe in isolation

• Supernatural explanations explained everything

• Exploration of world caused questions

• Museums

• Interest in biology and earth sciences

Charles Darwin

• Charles Darwin

• Natural Selection

• Charles Lyell

• Uniformitarianism

A 19th century scholar who developed the evolutionary approach

• A 19th century scholar who developed the evolutionary approach

• Pioneered the comparative study of culture

Provided a classic definition of culture that is still valid

• Provided a classic definition of culture that is still valid

• Key theorist in the anthropology of religion

Survival of the fittest

• Survival of the fittest

• Social Darwinism

Set high standard for excellence in fieldwork

• Set high standard for excellence in fieldwork

• Developed the idea of cultural relativity

• Discredited then-dominant theories of racial superiority

Developed the structural-functional approach to look at how each aspect of society contributes to the maintenance of the whole

• Developed the structural-functional approach to look at how each aspect of society contributes to the maintenance of the whole

Outlined the biological and psychological needs of people fulfilled by culture

• Outlined the biological and psychological needs of people fulfilled by culture

• Pioneered the participant observation method

Wrote “Patterns of Culture”

• Wrote “Patterns of Culture”

• Viewed cultures as coherent patterns

A “founding mother” of anthropology

• A “founding mother” of anthropology

• Pioneered the cross-cultural study of personality

Insights into process of acculturation

• Insights into process of acculturation

• Influenced development of the culture-and-personality school of anthropology

• Introduced terms "status" and "role"

• The Tree of Culture (1955)

Established structuralism, which considers the underlying mental structures that culture represents

• Established structuralism, which considers the underlying mental structures that culture represents

Founder of the cultural ecology approach that focuses on the interactions of cultures with their environments

• Founder of the cultural ecology approach that focuses on the interactions of cultures with their environments

Developed the cultural materialist approach with focus on how the techno-economic aspects of culture determine the social and ideological spheres

• Developed the cultural materialist approach with focus on how the techno-economic aspects of culture determine the social and ideological spheres

Empiricist

• Empiricist

• Came up 70 or so “cultural universals”