A dilemma is a struggle between “profound truths.”



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A dilemma is a struggle between “profound truths.”

      • A dilemma is a struggle between “profound truths.”
      • The great physicist, Niels Bohr, defined profound truths as recognizable by the fact that their opposites are also profound truths; hence, both are desirable goals. But to achieve one necessarily undermines the other.
      • The struggle has no permanent solution, but rather a balancing and an accommodation of both goals.




Dilemma I: Control versus Autonomy

      • Dilemma I: Control versus Autonomy
      • Leaders guide the actions of a group; like it or not--they control.
      • Leaders delegate responsibility and authority to others; they nurture autonomy.
  • Challenge: What is the appropriate balance between guiding actions and nurturing autonomy?



Dilemma 2: Consistency versus Ambiguity

      • Dilemma 2: Consistency versus Ambiguity
      • Leaders seek consistency and coherence to eliminate contradictions and conflicts that impede effectiveness.
      • Leaders welcome some ambiguity because it promotes innovation and adaptation.
      • Challenge: What is the appropriate balance between coherence and ambiguity? That is, how can you promote innovation and maintain stability and coherence?


Dilemma 3: Unity versus Diversity

      • Dilemma 3: Unity versus Diversity
      • Leaders seek harmony and purpose as they seek to minimize problems and limit destructive conflict.
      • Leaders cultivate diversity because it is a source of ideas, understanding, and innovation.
      • Challenge: How do you seek harmony and cultivate diversity simultaneously?


Dilemma 4: Planning versus Spontaneity

      • Dilemma 4: Planning versus Spontaneity
      • Leaders seek organization and planning to deal efficiently with routine problems.
      • Leaders encourage spontaneity to deal with unique problems.
      • Challenge: What is the right balance between planning and spontaneity? That is, how can you structure for innovation and creativity?


Dilemma 5: Coordination versus Communication

      • Dilemma 5: Coordination versus Communication
      • Leaders need coordination for efficient goal accomplishment.
      • Leaders need open communication both to create innovation as well to monitor efficiency.
      • Challenge: How do you limit the complications of open communication while simultaneously maintaining efficient coordination?


Dilemma 6: Specialization versus Integration

      • Dilemma 6: Specialization versus Integration
      • Leaders seek specialization to develop the expertise to solve organizational problems.
      • Leaders promote integration for efficient functioning of the organization as a whole.
      • Challenge: Find the appropriate balance between specialization of tasks and the integration of the whole.


Dilemma 7: Stability versus Change

      • Dilemma 7: Stability versus Change
      • Leaders seek stability to move the organization toward the achievement of instrumental goals.
      • Leaders seek change to improve organizational functioning and to innovate.
      • Challenge: How much stability and how much change? That is a leadership question.


Consistency

  • Consistency

  • Control

  • Unity

  • Planning

  • Coordination

  • Integration

  • Stability

  • These faces of order create a world of rules, plans, purpose, and coordinated action.



Ambiguity

  • Ambiguity

  • Autonomy

  • Diversity

  • Spontaneity

  • Communication

  • Specialization

  • Change

  • These faces of freedom create a world of imagination, innovation, creativity, vision, dreams, and hope.



All seven of these leadership dilemmas are instances of the general and fundamental social dilemma of order versus freedom.

  • All seven of these leadership dilemmas are instances of the general and fundamental social dilemma of order versus freedom.

  • Both order and freedom are necessary for effective social functioning, but emphasis of one undermines the other.

  • THUS--

  • Dynamic equilibrium, continuous adjustment, and accommodation are essential for effective leadership.



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