Hernández-Saint Martin et al. : Activity of large felids in San Luis Potosí
520
ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF JAGUAR, PUMA AND THEIR
POTENTIAL PREY IN SAN LUIS POTOSI, MEXICO
A
nuAr
D. HERNÁNDEZ-SAINTMARTÍN,
1
O
ctAviO
C. ROSAS-ROSAS,
1,3
J
Orge
PALACIO-NÚÑEZ,
1
L
uis
A. TARANGO-ARÁMBULA,
1
Fernando
CLEMENTE-SÁNCHEZ
1
& A
LmirA
L. HOOGESTEIJN
2
1
Colegio de Postgraduados Campus San Luis Potosí, Iturbide #73, C.P.78622, Salinas de Hidalgo, San
Luis Potosí, México. , ,
mx>, ,
2
Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto
Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Antigua carretera a Progreso Km 6, C.P. 97310, Mérida,
Yucatán, México.
3
corresponsalauthor:
Hernández-SaintMartín, A. D., Rosas-Rosas, O. C., Palacio-Núñez, J. Tarango-Arámbula, L. A.,
Clemente-Sánchez, F., & Hoogesteijn, A. L. 2013. Activity patterns of jaguar, puma and their
potential prey in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n.s.), 29(3): 520-533.
ABSTRACT. Jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor) are sympatric species in Mexico
and have ecological similarities. The understanding of interespecific interactions between these species
are important for effective conservation strategies. We studied activity patterns of jaguars, pumas and
their potential prey species through camera-trapping photographs obtained by during four seasonsin
the Abra-Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve , San Luis Potosí, Mexico. We described activity patterns of 12
terrestrial vertebrate species, the degree of overlap of jaguar and puma activity; and the prey – predator
relationship. Both felids showed cathemeral activity and overlapping between their activities. Jaguar
activity showed a significant correlation with eight prey species activity. Puma activity was no related
with any prey species activity. Activity peaks of both felids suggest that temporal segregation is a strat-
egy which minimizes interspecific encounters allowing the coexistence of several individuals in this
small reserve.
Keywords: jaguar, puma, prey, activity patterns, camera-trapping.
Hernández-SaintMartín, A. D., Rosas-Rosas, O. C., Palacio-Núñez, J. Tarango-Arámbula, L. A.,
Clemente-Sánchez, F., & Hoogesteijn, A. L. 2013. Patrones de actividad del jaguar, puma y sus
presas potenciales en San Luis Potosí, México. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n.s.), 29(3): 520-533.
RESUMEN. El jaguar (Panthera onca) y el puma (Puma concolor) en México son especies simpátri-
cas y presentan similitud ecológica. El entendimiento de las interacciones interespecíficas entre estas
ISSN 0065-1737
Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n.s.), 29(3): 520-533 (2013)
Recibido: 10/07/2012; aceptado: 07/05/2013.
Acta Zool. Mex. (n.s.) 29(3) (2013)
521
especies es importante para la elaboración de estrategias efectivas de conservación. Se estudiaron los
patrones de actividad del jaguar, el puma y sus presas potenciales, a través del análisis de las fotografías
obtenidas en cuatro temporadas de foto-trampeo en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Abra-Tanchipa
(RBSAT), San Luis Potosí, México. Se describieron los patrones de actividad de 12 especies de fauna, el
grado de sobreposición en la actividad del jaguar y el puma; y su relación con la actividad de sus presas.
Ambos felinos presentaron actividad catemeral con traslape en sus patrones de actividad. La actividad
del jaguar está relacionada significativamente con la actividad de ocho especies de presas; la actividad
del puma no se relacionó con la actividad de ninguna presa. Los picos de actividad de ambos felinos
sugieren que la separación temporal es una estrategia para minimizar los de encuentros interespecíficos
que permite la coexistencia de varios individuos en reservas pequeñas.
Palabras clave: jaguar, puma, presas, patrones de actividad, foto-trampeo.
INTRODUCTION
Large carnivores are fundamental elements in all terrestrial ecosystems (Terborgh et
al. 2001) and one of the most worldwide endangered groups of mammals (Ceballos
et al. 2005; Weber & Rabinowitz 1996). Large felid populations have been reduced
by habitat loss; prey depletion and hunting of individuals for traditional medicine
and/or predator control (Inskip & Zimmerman 2009). One of the principal strategies
for large felids conservation is the establishment of natural protected areas. Current
land management aspects, tolerance and public policy have limited the creation of
protected areas large enough to maintain viable population of these species (Parris
et al. 2003). Under these circumstances, small sized protected areas become more
important in large felids conservation (Núñez 2010). However, small protected areas
are more susceptible to isolation and degradation processes; strategies for large felids
conservation and management should be based in extensive ecological knowledge
of the species. This knowledge has toinclude data related to abundance, population
dynamics, intra and/or interspecific relationships (Beck et al. 2005).
The jaguar (Panthera onca) and the puma (Puma concolor) are the only species
of large felids inhabiting the Americas (Currier 1983, Seymour 1989). Both are con-
sidered key and umbrella species (Miller & Rabinowitz 2002); under this paradigm,
strategies for its long term conservation should benefit the entire ecosystem (Roberge
& Angelstam 2004). In Mexico, the jaguar is listed as endangered and legally pro-
tected since 1987 (Diario Oficial de la Federación 2010), however, habitat loss and
hunting of individuals in response to livestock predation are the likely causes for a
significant reduction of its original distribution, and population numbers (Chávez et
al. 2005). In contrast, the puma is subject to regulated harvest, but scarce information
about their real population status and illegal predator control could represent a threat
for their populations (Laundré & Hernández 2010).
Throughout their distribution both jaguars and pumas are sympatric (Haines
2006); in northern habitats both species are very similar in body size (Iriarte et al.
1990, Núñez et al. 2002), and they can consume the same prey species (Harmsen et
Hernández-Saint Martin et al. : Activity of large felids in San Luis Potosí
522
al. 2011, Núñez et al. 2000, Taber & Novaro 1997). Despite this ecological similari-
ty, it has been suggested that competition between jaguars and pumas is low because
they evolved coexisting strategies (Haines 2006), including trophic segregation (e.
g. Aranda & Sánchez-Cordero 1996), mutual avoidance by spatial separation (Taber
& Novaro 1997, Scognamillo et al. 2003, Núñez et al. 2002, Emmons 1987) and
different daily activity patterns (Romero-Muñoz 2010). Studies about interactions
of these felids conducted in other countries, have reported activity of jaguars as pri-
marily nocturnal (Di Bitteti et al. 2010, Emmons 1987, Gómez et al. 2005, Maffei
et al. 2004, Núñez et al. 2002, Rabinowitz & Nothingham 1986). In contrast, pumas
tend to be more active in crepuscular hours with an important activity along daytime
(Di Bitteti et al. 2010, Estrada 2008, Núñez et al. 2002). The difference in activity
patterns has been suggested as a strategy to avoid and / or minimize confrontations,
and to maximize the probability of encounter with their preferred prey (Rabinowitz
& Nottingham 1986, Harmsen et al. 2011).
In this study we analyze temporal activity of jaguars, pumas and their potential
prey using data obtained by camera-trapping in the Abra-Tanchipa Biosphere Re-
serve (RBSAT) San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Previous studies conducted in the region,
showed that jaguars and pumas can consume the same prey species and travel along
the same trails (Rueda et al. in press, Hernández-Saint Martin in revision). We expect
to find ecological segregation by differential activity patterns in these species. The
objectives of this study were 1) to describe and compare activity patterns of jaguars
and pumas, 2) to describe activity patterns of potential prey, and 3) to relate activity
of both large felids with activity patterns of their potential prey species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS.
Study area. This study was conducted in the RBSAT, in northeastern San Luis Po-
tosi, Mexico (22° 04’ 38’’-22° 23’ 56’’ N and 98° 53’ 07’’-99° 00’ 44’’ O). It is
located about 30 km north of Ciudad Valles, the second largest city of the state (Fig.
1). RBSAT is the only federal protected area in the subtropical ecosystems of San
Luis Potosi and covers approximately 220 km
2
of well-preserved tropical dry fo-
rest surrounded by fragmented areas (Arriaga et al. 2000, Rzedowski 2005). The
predominant arboreal species are chaka (Bursera simaruba), ojite (Brosium alicas-
trum), limoncillo ( Esenbeckia berlianderi), rajador ( Lysiloma divaricata), volantín
(Wimmeria concolor), ebano (Ebano ebanopsis), tenaza (Pithecellobium pallens),
uña de gato (Zanthoxylum fagara), chicharrillo (Harpalyce arborescens), aguacatillo
(Persea palustris), palma real (Sabal mexicana), and soyate (Beaucarnea recurvata)
(Rzedowski 2005). The area has 161 vertebrate species including five of the six wild
felids of Mexico: the jaguar, puma, ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), margay (L. wiedii)
and jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) (Martínez-Calderas et al. 2011, Villordo-Gal-
ván et al. 2010). The topography is rugged with numerous rock outcrops. The eleva-
Acta Zool. Mex. (n.s.) 29(3) (2013)
523
Figure 1.
Camera trapping surveys in Sierra del Abra-Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve (RBSAT). Black dots represent camera stations.
Hernández-Saint Martin et al. : Activity of large felids in San Luis Potosí
524
tion range from 400 to 700 meters, and an average annual rainfall of 1100 mm with
a marked seasonality: torrential rains may be present during July through October
(wet season) and the dry season extends from November to May. The average annual
temperature is 25.5°C but temperatures can range between 35°C and 50°C (Arriaga
et al. 2000). The protected area has no perennial waterways, the only water source
during the dry season are artificial livestock ponds located outside the reserve. There
are few wildlife trails. The only road suitable for vehicles inside the protected area
consist in an old mine dirt road to the North. Three firebreaks surround the borders
of protected area; the longest runs 20 km along the West border, and two 3 km long
are located in the North and South limits. All these trails are rarely used by people;
consequently human disturbance in the core area is practically absent. RBSAT is one
of the smallest Biosphere Reserves of Mexico (Vargas & Escobar 2000), surrounded
by an ongoing change of land use, principally sugar cane (Saccharum spp.) planta-
tions to the West and sorghum (Sorghum spp.) plantations and cattle ranching to the
East (Chapa-Vargas & Monzalvo-Santos 2012). Nine human settlements surround
the RBSAT with a total of 3860 habitants.
Data sampling. Data of activity patterns of jaguars and pumas and their prey were
obtained through analysis of photographs collected by three camera-trapping surveys
(Bridges & Noss 2011) from October 2010 to March 2012. We deployed camera
stations inside the core and surrounding areas of RBSAT. Each camera station con-
sisted of one (single stations) or two (double stations) camera traps fixed to trees at
40 cm overground; these were placed in sites with previous evidence of large felids
or prey activity (game trails, fresh tracks, scrapes, scats). We programed all cameras
to operate continually for 24 hrs with 3-5 minutes delay between photographs; date
and hour were printed in each photographic event. We placed camera stations at a
distance of two to three km. No attractants were used at camera stations. We checked
camera stations every 20 days to verify proper functioning, check-ups included bat-
tery changes, photograph unloading and memory/film capacity.
Trapping efforts were different between the three surveys (Table 1). Different ca-
mera models were used. In the first survey we deployed 51 camera stations, 45 single
and six double composed of the following brands and models: a) thirty three Capture
Cuddeback
®
Digital; b) eight StealthCam
®
Digital; c) five Xtreme-5 Wildview
®
Di-
gital; d) three Moultrie
®
DGS-200 Digital and e) eight DeerCam
®
DC200 35 mm.
During the second survey we used 23 camera stations, 11 singles and 12 double,
composed of the following brands and models: a) thirteen Xtreme-5 Wildview
®
Di-
gital, b) nine StealthCam
®
Digital; c) five Moultrie
®
DGS-200-Digital; and d) eight
DeerCam
®
DC200 35 mm. During the third survey we used 27 camera stations, eight
single and 19 double composed of the following brands and models: a) nine Stealth-
Cam
®
Digital and b) thirty seven Xtreme-5 Wildview
®
.
Acta Zool. Mex. (n.s.) 29(3) (2013)
525
Data analysis. Of all obtained photographs we select those that consisted of indepen-
dent events. We define these independent events as: a) consecutive photographs of
different individuals of the same species; b) each individual of one species in a group
photograph; c) photographs of individuals of the same species with a separation of
at least 30 minutes; d) consecutive photographs of individuals of different species;
and e) photographs of individuals that can be individually identified (O’Brien et al.
2003). Following the suggestion of Maffei et al (2004) we analyzed activity patterns
of all species with an average ≥11 independent events across surveys. Because trap-
ping effort was significantly different between surveys (χ
2
=274.41, d.f.=2, p> 0.05),
we obtained the mean value of independent event´s percentage by hour of the diffe-
rent surveys. We assumed that these values correctly represent the activity patterns of
species during the study period.
We calculated percentage of diurnal (from 06:01 to 18:00) and nocturnal (from
18:01 to 6:00) independent events of each species. Using this information, we clas-
sified species as diurnal (<15% of observations at night), nocturnal (>85% of obser-
vations at night), mostly diurnal (15–35% of observations at night), mostly nocturnal
(65–85% of observations by night), and cathemeral (organisms active intermittently
both day and night) (Romero-Muñoz et al. 2010). We plotted bar charts with percen-
tages of independent events by hour (Romero-Muñoz et al. 2010).
Activity patterns data present a circular distribution (Zar 2010), consequently we
compared activity patterns of jaguars and pumas in two ways; first we used the Pianka
index O
jk
to quantify activity patterns overlap between jaguars and pumas (Estrada
et al. 2008, Krebs 1999). We also compared the activity patterns of both felids using
the non-parametric Wheeler and Watson test (W); this test indicates if there is a sig-
nificant statistic difference between two circular distributions, and it has been used to
analyzed data from 24 hrs activity patterns (Romero-Muñoz et al. 2010). The statistic
W can be compared with a χ
2
distribution with two degrees of freedom (Zar 2010).
We calculated Pearson correlations between the 24-hour activity patterns of ja-
guar and pumas and the activity patterns of each prey species to assess the level of
association in activity. Prior to this analysis we transformed percentages with the
Table 1. Camera trapping surveys in Sierra del Abra-Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve, Mexico.
Survey
Sampling effort
(night traps)
Photographs
Independent
events
October 16
th
– December 17
th
2010
3264
516
276
April 16
th
– July 16
th
2011
2161
697
287
November 15
th
2011- March 11
th
3238
937
487
Mean± SD
2887.7±629.4
716.7±211.2
350±118.8
Hernández-Saint Martin et al. : Activity of large felids in San Luis Potosí
526
Arcsine-root transformation (Zar 2010). Descriptive analyses were conducted with
Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation 2006) and circular statistics analysis we-
re made with Oriana 4.0 (www.kovcomp.com) and Stat Graphics Centurion XV
(StatPoint Inc. 1982-2007); all at a significance level of p= 0.05.
RESULTS
We deployed 101 camera stations inside the core and surrounding areas of RB-
SAT in three surveys (Fig. 1). We obtained 2628 photographs of 25 species, 1194
photographs were identified as independent events (Table 2). Of the 25 species only
12 (including the jaguar and the puma) had an average of independent events≥11. The
10 prey species have been reported as components in the diet for jaguars or pumas by
other authors in other regions of Mexico, Central and South America (Aranda & Sán-
chez-Cordero 1996; Foster et al. 2009, Garla et al. 2001; Novack et al. 2005; Núñez
et al. 2000, Rosas-Rosas et al. 2003, Taber & Novaro 1997, Weckel et al. 2006). Do-
mestic species (cattle, horses and dogs) were photographed only in the surrounding
areas outside the polygon of RBSAT.
Jaguars were cathemeral; but activity was significantly higher in night hours (χ
2
=
5.06, d.f.=1, p<0.05) with an activity peak between 18:00 and 00:00 hrs (Fig. 2). Si-
milarly, pumas were also cathemeral; however percentages of diurnal and nocturnal
activity were similar (χ
2
=0.26, d.f.=1, p>0.05). Puma activity peaks where opposite to
those of the jaguar; with activity peaks between 02:00 and 10:00 hr (Fig. 2). Jaguars
and pumas showed a relative high overlap in their activity patterns (Pianka’s index
O
jk
= 0.73), and we found no significant difference in the circular distributions for
both felids (χ
2
=0.75, df= 2, p˃0.05).
Seven prey species can be considered diurnal and showed significantly more ac-
tivity at day hours; these included great curassow (Crax rubra) (χ
2
=77.79, d.f.=1,
p<0.05); Plainchachalaca ( Ortalis vetula) (χ
2
=79.85, d.f.=1, p<0.05); collared pec-
cary ( Pecari tajacu) (χ
2
=44.44, d.f.=1, p<0.05); white-nosed coati (Nasua narica)
(χ
2
=91.32, d.f.=1, p<0.05); white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (χ
2
=34.29,
d.f.=1, p<0.05), cattle ( Bos sp.) and horses ( Equus sp.) (χ
2
=77.79, d.f.=1, p<0.05).
Ocelots (χ
2
=35.43, d.f.=1, p<0.05); grey foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) (χ
2
=47.44,
d.f.=1, p<0.05) and rabbits ( Sylvilagus sp.) (χ
2
=26.54, d.f.=1, p<0.05) were mostly
nocturnal (Fig. 3).
The activity of jaguars was positively related with the activity of gray foxes, oce-
lots and rabbits (all p<0.05). In contrast, puma activity had no significant correlation
to any prey species (Table 3).
DISCUSSION
Cathemeral activity of jaguar found in this research is rarely reported in other studies
and only had been described for Amazonian rain forest habitats of Peru (Gómez et al.
Acta Zool. Mex. (n.s.) 29(3) (2013)
527
2005) and Bolivia (Emmons 1987). In contrast, cathemeral pattern with highly diur-
nal activity founded in pumas is reported in several studies (Chávez et al. 2005, Di
Bitteti et al. 2010, Estrada 2008, Harmsen et al. 2009, Núñez et al. 2002). Cathemeral
activity increments probability of encounter with a more diverse prey base (Scogna-
Table 2.Independent events obtained by camera trapping in the Sierra del Abra-Tanchipa Biosphere
Reserve, Mexico.
Survey
Species
1
2
3
Mammals
Brocket deer Mazama temama
9
1
—
Cattle Bos sp.
—
85
86
Collared pecari Pecari tajacu
4
3
20
White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus
103
29
77
Coyote Canis latrans
—
1
1
Domestic Dog Canis familiaris
—
9
7
Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus
5
15
11
Jaguar Panthera onca
19
22
34
Jaguarundi Puma yagouaroundi
2
Margay Leopardus wiedii
4
—
4
Ocelot Leopardus pardalis
9
18
28
Raccon Procyon lotor
7
Puma Puma concolor
25
31
22
White-nosed coati Nasua narica
58
62
12
Nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus
1
—
1
Opossums Didelphis sp.
3
5
2
Horses Equus sp.
—
22
15
Spotted paca Cuniculus paca
5
2
11
Squirles Sciurus sp.
8
2
3
Rabbits Silvilagus sp.
3
24
124
Birds
Crested Guan Penelope purpurescens
7
—
—
Great curassow Crax rubra
70
78
23
Plain Chachalaca Ortalis vetula
6
15
38
Thicket Tinamou Crypturellus cinnamomeus
4
6
2
Wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo
—
2
7
Hernández-Saint Martin et al. : Activity of large felids in San Luis Potosí
528
millo et al. 2003), this could be specifically beneficial for a generalist predator like
puma which consume a broader prey variety including diurnal and nocturnal prey
(Oliveira 2002).
In RBSAT, jaguars and pumas showed important activity at day hours (34.09%
and 53.59%, respectively); these findings are similar to results obtained in the Ve-
nezuelan llanos (Scognamillo et al. 2003) and some biomes of Brazil (Foster et al.
2013). Diurnal activity of large felids has been reported as an indicator of absence of
human disturbance in the habitat (Paviolo et al. 2009). The rugged topography and
lack of trails inside RBSAT generate minimal human presence inside protected area;
this allows jaguars and pumas to be active during diurnal hours without risk of en-
counters with humans.Unsurprisingly, both felids showed less activity around noon,
period whit the highest temperatures (Hernández-Saint Martín, Pers. Obs.) sugges-
ting that jaguars and pumas tend to avoid movement during the hottest hours, this has
also been reported in other sites of neotropics (Estrada 2008).
Temporal segregation among carnivore’s species has been suggested as a strategy
to reduce interference competition and the risk of intraguild predation (Fedriani et al.
2000), however this pattern is rarely reported for large predators species like jaguar
and puma (Romero-Muñoz et al. 2010). In this study, activity of both large felids
was no significantly different. However, jaguar showed peaks of activity that began
around sunset decreasing about two hours after sunrise; this is in opposition to the
highest activity of the puma that began around dawn, decreasingat 10:00 and staying
relatively stable during the remaining hours of the day. This suggests that despite the
overlap of activity patterns (Pianka Index O
jk
=0.73), the activity of jaguars is at its
Figure 2. Activity patterns of jaguar and puma and their potential prey in Sierra del Abra–Tanchipa
Biosphere Reserve.
Acta Zool. Mex. (n.s.) 29(3) (2013)
529
peak when the activity of the puma´s decrease. Encounters between two species of
large carnivores usually end with interspecific aggression and the maiming or killing
of one of the aggressors. The severity of the attack seems to increase with the high
densities of carnivores (Palomares & Caro 1999).
Individual identification using differential coat patterns and conspicuous features
of the photographed jaguars and pumas (Kelly et al. 2008, Silver et al. 2005) showed
that at least 13 different jaguars and six pumas were present in RBSAT during this
study (Hernández-Saint Martín in revision). This abundance of large felids without
evidence of interspecific aggression (e. g. scars or wounds produced by fighting) in
Figure 3. Activity patterns of prey species in Sierra del Abra–Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve.
Hernández-Saint Martin et al. : Activity of large felids in San Luis Potosí
530
photographed animals, suggest temporal segregation is a mechanisms which allows
coexistence of several individuals of both species in the small area of RBSAT.
Other studies across Latin-American countries have suggested that activity pat-
terns of jaguars and pumas are determined by activity of their prey species (Foster et
al. 2013, Emmons 1987, Núñez et al. 2000, Scognamillo et al. 2003, Harmsen et al.
2011). In RBSAT, jaguar’s diet is mainly collared peccary, withe-tailed deer and whi-
te-nosed coati; and puma prey consists mainly on withe-tailed deer, rabbits and great
curassow (Hernández-Saint Martín in revision); activity of jaguars was significantly
related with activity of their principal prey species, but all these relationships were
negative (Table 3). This suggests that jaguar hunts prey when they are not active and
probably more vulnerable, like during the night hours. In contrast, activity of pumas
was no significantly related with activity of any prey species. The RBSAT is one of
the last protected refuges for wildlife, especially for large felids northeast of the Sierra
Madre Oriental in San Luis Potosi. Despite its small size, it protects a large diversity
of medium and great sized mammals.The results of this study suggest that temporal
segregation allows coexistence of several individual of jaguars and pumas in small
protected areas (Núñez 2010). This situation depends on the existence of large and
diverse prey base that allows a flexible carnivore community in the area (Harmsen et
al. 2009). However, the accelerated change in land use and tenure around the reserve
could alter these patterns and may derivate in intra-guild aggressions and interference
competence that could threat the long term survival of large felid in this area.
AcKnOWLeDgments.We are grateful to J. Pimentel (Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus San Luis
Potosí) and L. Chapa (Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.) for funding
Table 3.Correlations between activity patterns of jaguar, pumas and prey species.
Potential prey species
Jaguar
Puma
Cattle
−0.34
0.24
Collared peccary
−0.39*
0.15
Great curassow
−0.48*
0.24
Grey fox
0.44*
0.11
Horse
−0.35
−0.26
Ocelot
0.43*
0.20
Plain chachalaca
−0.66*
−0.03
Rabbits
0.41*
0.07
White-nosed coati
−0.46*
−0.03
White-tailed deer
−0.61*
0.07
* Significant correlations p< 0.05
Acta Zool. Mex. (n.s.) 29(3) (2013)
531
support to this study. A. Durán (CONANP-RBSAT) provided logistic support in fieldwork. L. Bender
(Alaska Department of Fish and Game, U.S.), L. Chapa (Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica
y Tecnológica A.C.) and H. López (Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León) provided camera traps. H.
Guzman, M. Aguilar and L. Martínez assisted during the field work; their contribution was instrumental
to the study.
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