Annotated Bibliography



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Annotated Bibliography

The World Bank. (2010). Central African Republic Country Environmental Analysis:

Environmental Management for Sustainable Growth. Country Environmental Analysis CAR, 1, 1-63. Retrieved from

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETENVIRONMENT/Resources/CARCEA.pdf


This journal is from the World Bank, who monitors many aspects of development in client countries. According to the World Bank (2010), the Country Environmental Analysis (CEA), systematically evaluates the environmental priorities for development, the environmental implications of key policies, and the capacity of countries to address their priorities (n.p.). According to the World Bank (2010), the CEA provides a basis for the development of policy recommendations, assist in defining priority investments to address the most significant

environmental management challenges, and inform decision-making in relation to the achievement of sustainable economic growth (n.p.). According to the World Bank (2010), the three areas of concern for the Central African Republic (CAR) are as follows: environmental management in the mining sector; managing forests, woodlands and wildlife, and resource

growth that is resilient to climate change. This journal provides a basis for establishing the economic fabrics of the CAR, and provides insight into the challenges that face environmental concerns and economic sustainability.
Encyclopedia of Earth. (2009, April 30). Central African Republic. Retrieved from

http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/150993/


This website, the Encyclopedia of Earth, substantiates information regarding the profile of the Central African Republic (CAR). It provides demographic, geographical, economic, social, and governmental information highlighting relative insight into the inter-workings of the country. The website also offers detailed information into the history of the CAR. According to the Encyclopedia of Earth (2009), subsistence agriculture, together with forestry, remains the backbone of the economy of the CAR, with about 60% of the population living in outlying areas; furthermore, the agricultural sector generates more than half of GDP (n.p.). This information is necessary for defining the environmental issues that currently exist in the CAR.
Index Mundi. (2014, April 20). Central African Republic Background - Introduction. Retrieved

from http://www.indexmundi.com/central_african_republic/background.html


This article provides demographic, environmental, and other research related information regarding the CAR. Used primarily as an extension of information, the article categorized the information, and provided definitions into the actual phrases being used. By providing a definition following each section, the reader was able to fully grasp the full spectrum of the subject matter. The CAR's history, government, economy, military, and environmental issues were all transcribed. The definitions found within this article will be used to clarify the scope and spectrum of the CAR's environmental report.

Bouckaert, P. (2014). THE UNRAVELLING JOURNEY THROUGH THE CENTRAL

AFRICAN REPUBLIC CRISIS. Retrieved from The Frank Karel Grant for Multimedia

Reporting website:

http://features.hrw.org/features/Unravelling_central_african_republic/index.php
This article illustrates the social and religious conflicts within the CAR. It explains the current rift between the rebel Muslims and the predominantly Christian populace. The article explains, in detail, the internal displacement situation in the country, and it explores both sides of the conflict. This article will be useful in demonstrating any relative, historical information that may deepen the environmental issues in the country, such as the scarcity of resources. According to Bouckaert (2014), in the schoolrooms of northern CAR, the blackboards still show dates from late March 2013, when Seleka rebels seized power in the country (n.p.).

Since then, the armed Seleka rebels, whose collective name means “alliance” in Sango, the national language, have ruled through fear—burning down village after village, firing randomly at civilians from their pick-up trucks, executing farmers in their fields, torturing anyone suspected of plotting against them, and murdering women and children. Their brutality continues to spread like a deadly cancer. (Bouckaert, 2014, n.p.)

The information in this article is powerful, and the accounts within the report bring, not only awareness, but empathy. The living conditions of the local populace can be analyzed and used to paint a more complex and realistic, environmental picture of the CAR.
United Nations. (2015). UNHCR - Central African Republic. Retrieved from

http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e45c156.html


This article explains that military coups and rebellion have caused a sustained economic crisis in the country. According to the United Nations (2015), since December 2013, approximately 25 per cent of CAR's population has been internally displaced by the conflict. Simultaneously, this conflict has had a regional impact, more than 190,000 Central African refugees having fled to Cameroon, Chad, the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) since December 2013 (n.p.). This article will provide further insight into the displaced persons within the CAR, and help to analyze the environmental aspects of the country.
International Crisis Group. (2010, December 16). Dangerous Little Stones: Diamonds in the

Central African Republic. Retrieved from http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/central-african-republic/167-dangerous-little-stones-diamonds-in-the-central-african-republic.aspx


This article explores a fundamental component to the economic make up of the CAR: the diamond industry. Plagued by corruption, instability, and lack of reliable enforcement, the CAR's diamond industry must be discussed when analyzing the environmental issues of the country. Deforestation and desertification can both be partially attributed to the diamond industry. Along with poaching and lack of enforcement on wildlife preservations, the diamond industry contributes to a great dynamic in the governmental and environmental aspects of the CAR. According to the International Crisis Group (2010), in the diamond mines of the CAR, extreme poverty and armed conflict put thousands of lives in danger. "President François Bozizé keeps tight control of the diamond sector to enrich and empower his own ethnic group but does little to alleviate the poverty that drives informal miners to dig in perilous conditions" (International Crisis Group, 2010, n.p.).
Bouckaerts, P. (a). (2015, January 20). Dispatches: Trapped in Central African Republic's

Conflict Zone | Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from

http://www.hrw.org/news/2015/01/20/dispatches-trapped-central-african-republics-conflict-zone
This article demonstrates the transitional government's need to change its policy toward evacuation. According Bouckaerts (a) (2015), the evacuation policies towards Muslims is exacerbating the displaced person situation in the CAR. According to Bouckaerts (a) (2015), the crisis in the CAR is near the top of the international humanitarian agenda: for much of last year, it was declared an L3 emergency by the UN, on par with the crisis in Syria (n.p.). "The fate of those trapped in Yaloke and in other enclaves should therefore be a top priority. The time for endless meetings with no action is over. It’s time to prevent more Muslim children dying needlessly" (Bouckaerts(a), 2015, n.p.). This article will help illustrate the deteriorating displaced persons situation in the CAR; furthermore, this article will help formulate recommendations.
Smith, D. (2013, November 22). Unspeakable horrors in a country on the verge of genocide |

World news | The Guardian. Retrieved from

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/22/central-african-republic-verge-of-genocide
This article examines the notion of genocide within the CAR. According to Smith (2013), militias in the CAR are slitting children's throats, razing villages and throwing young men to the crocodiles (n.p.). The article brings awareness to the displacement situation in the country, and asks reader's, "what needs to happen before the world intervenes?" According to the article, the resource scarcity and displacement in the country will only worsen with time; furthermore, the article argues that peacekeeping missions are not enough to keep the violence and bloodshed from trapping the CAR in a continuous, destabilized state.
Central Intelligence Agency. (2015). The World Factbook: CAR. Retrieved from

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html


The information provided from the Central Intelligence Agency is fact; therefore, this report was used to gather basic information on the geography, people, society, government, economy, energy, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues within the CAR. The World Factbook is prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency for the use of U.S. Government officials, and the style, format, coverage, and content are designed to meet their specific requirements. Accordingly, the former French colony of Ubangi-Shari became the Central African Republic upon independence in 1960. "After three tumultuous decades of misrule - mostly by military governments - civilian rule was established in 1993 and lasted for one decade. In March, 2003 President Ange-Felix Patasse was deposed in a military coup led by General Francois Bozize, who established a transitional government" (n.p.). The information within this report will substantiate any historical, governmental, or economical claims made.
BBC News. (2014, September 16). BBC News - Central African Republic profile - Overview.

Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13150040


This article is from the BBC News, and it examines the profile of the CAR. According to BBC (2014), the CAR has been unstable since its independence from France in 1960, and is one of the least-developed countries in the world. "It has endured several coups and a notorious period under a self-declared emperor, Jean-Bedel Bokassa, who headed a brutal regime" (BBC, 2014, n.p.). According to BBC (2014), the Central African Republic has a population of 4.6 million. The capital of the CAR is Bangui, and the country encompasses an area of 240,535 sq miles. The major languages of the CAR are French and Sangho, and the major religions include Christianity, Islam, and other indigenous beliefs. The life expectancy for men in the CAR is 48 years, and 51 years for women. This information helps lay the foundation for better understanding of the CAR, and the country's internal, environmental issues.
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