Arpa community



Yüklə 493 b.
tarix17.10.2017
ölçüsü493 b.
#5476



ARPA community

  • ARPA community

    • Man-computer symbiosis—Licklider
    • Time-sharing: CTSS, SDS 940, Tenex
    • Engelbart’s On-Line System
    • Flex machine—Kay
    • Arpanet
    • Aloha packet radio network
  • Xerox—“Office of the future”

    • The electronic office




CSL

  • CSL

    • Hardware: Alto, Ethernet
    • OS, Languages (BCPL, Mesa, Lisp)
    • Printing, file servers
    • Networking
    • Bravo (→Word), Draw (→Illustrator), fonts
    • Grapevine (email transport, server)
    • Laurel (email client)
  • SSL

    • Printing, file servers
    • Smalltalk
    • Gypsy (→Word)
    • Markup (→Paint)


1960s Time-sharing, Sketchpad, NLS

  • 1960s Time-sharing, Sketchpad, NLS

  • 1970s Xerox PARC

    • Alto, Ethernet, laser printers
    • Bravo, Draw, Pup, Smalltalk
  • Altair, Apple II

  • Internet

  • 1980s

    • 81 Xerox Star, IBM PC
    • 84 Macintosh, Laserwriter, MS Word/Excel
  • 1990s Windows, Web



But a man’s reach should exceed his grasp, or what’s a heaven for? —Browning

  • But a man’s reach should exceed his grasp, or what’s a heaven for? —Browning

  • Computers can be used as tools to help people think and communicate

    • Licklider
    • ARPA time-sharing and networking
    • Engelbart and NLS
    • Alan Kay and Flex
  • Xerox: Office of the Future

    • How do we grow after copiers?


Personal

  • Personal

    • Under the control of a person and serves his needs.
    • Performance is predictable, and fast enough
    • Reliable and available.
    • Not too hard to use
  • Distributed

    • Everything in the real world is distributed
    • The computer is a communication device
    • Personal + communication = distributed
    • Need to share expensive devices too, esp. printers
  • Computing

    • We programmed, but users didn’t


Universal

  • Universal

    • Any (black-and-white) image, data, any software
      • Words, pictures, music, ...
    • Specialize with software
  • Ink on paper

  • The Alto can do this quite well

    • For a single 8.5" x 11" sheet of paper
    • With black ink
    • No restrictions on the form of the images
    • Cannot read images
  • Voice and other sounds.

    • Later, less important


“Time machine”—simulate the future

  • “Time machine”—simulate the future

  • Use what you build

    • Good for text, pictures, printing, sound, email
    • Bad for spreadsheets, databases
  • Personal machine

    • “People are fast, machines are slow”
    • Performance is predictable
  • No grand plan for the system: integration

    • Not enough experience, cycles or memory
    • Open OS, world-swap
    • Exception: Smalltalk


0.3 MIPS

  • 0.3 MIPS

  • 128 KB RAM

  • 2.5 MB disk

  • 3 Mbit Ethernet

    • for 50 Altos
  • 600x800 x l display

  • $12,000 to make





Moore’s law: live in the future if you can

  • Moore’s law: live in the future if you can

  • Price X CPU RAM Disk Net

    • Alto MIPS MB MB MB/s
  • 1974: Alto $40k 1 0.3 0.1 2.5 .05

  • 1984: Mac $3k 1 1 0.5 1.5 .03

  • 1995: PC $3k 100 50 16 300 .1

  • 2006: PC $1k 10000 2000 1000 300G 100





KISS

  • KISS

    • Had to be cheap enough to build lots of them
  • Bitmap display

    • Display anything – like paper
  • Programmable at all levels

    • Could change the instruction set and add new operations easily
  • Flexible and powerful input-output

    • Ethernet and Laser Printer controllers were add-ins
  • Distributed system

    • Connect many systems together with Ethernet






CSMA/CD

  • CSMA/CD

    • Based on Aloha
    • Collision detect
    • Exp. Backoff
  • 3 Mbits/sec

  • Shared by 50 Altos

  • Repeaters

  • Much later, switches



Marriage of Xerography and Computing

  • Marriage of Xerography and Computing

  • EARS was the first (1974) print server

    • Ethernet
    • Alto
    • Research Character Generator
    • Scanning Laser Output Terminal
  • 1 copy/second, 500 dots/inch

  • Lower-cost and color versions developed later

    • Dover: 300 dpi, small Alto interface. 100 copies
  • Xerox understood it, built a successful business





Programming

  • Programming

  • Servers

  • User interface

  • Applications

  • Software is “thought-stuff”



Main problem: live with

  • Main problem: live with

    • .1 MIPS, 128 KB RAM, 5 MB disk
  • OS: files, programs, network, command line

    • Open: get rid of any parts you don’t need
    • World-swap to change environments
  • Languages

    • BCPL: father of C
    • Mesa
    • Smalltalk


Network: Ethernet and Pup

  • Network: Ethernet and Pup

    • First internet: Ethernet, Arpanet, phone lines, ...
  • Printing

    • 3 generations of laser printer hardware
    • 3 generations of imagers: Ears, Press, Interpress
  • Files

    • “Interim” file system
    • Research file systems
  • Email

    • Tenex Arpanet email
    • Grapevine distributed naming and email


Windows



Complete system

  • Complete system

    • OO language
    • Integrated edit/debug
    • Windows
    • BitBlt


First WYSIWYG editor

  • First WYSIWYG editor

  • Prototype for MS Word

  • Initial ideas

    • Piece table for document
    • Cache line bit maps
  • Later

    • Fonts and layout
    • High-quality printing
    • Styles
  • Modeless UI from Gypsy



Windows

  • Windows

    • Smalltalk pioneered overlapping windows
    • Other software used tiled windows
  • Views—compute what you see

    • Smalltalk browser
    • Bravo multiple document views
    • Laurel email folders






Distributed email system

  • Distributed email system

    • Multiple servers
    • Names, mailboxes
    • Eventual consistency
  • 3-pane window

    • Headers
    • Message in
    • Message out


Windows

  • Windows

    • Smalltalk pioneered overlapping windows
    • Other software used tiled windows
  • Views—compute what you see

    • Smalltalk browser
    • Bravo multiple document views
    • Laurel email folders
  • Menus

    • Markup had pop-up menus
    • Smalltalk had the first icons




Images

  • Images

    • Bit-maps (as in Paint and Photoshop)
    • Object graphics (as in MacDraw and Illustrator)
  • Fonts

    • Spline outlines for scalable fonts
    • Screen versions hand-drawn—hinting much later
  • BitBlt

    • Computing with rectangular bitmaps


Pure bit-map editing

  • Pure bit-map editing

    • Arbitrary images
    • Low resolution
  • Popup menu









Writing: Bravo  Microsoft Word

  • Writing: Bravo  Microsoft Word

  • Drawing

    • Markup  Paint programs
    • Draw  MacDraw, Illustrator, Powerpoint, etc.
    • Sil  CAD programs
  • Email: Laurel mh, Eudora, Outlook, etc.



Just like today’s personal computing world

  • Just like today’s personal computing world

    • Writing, drawing, music, networks, printing, email
  • Except

    • The Web, search engines
    • Spreadsheets
    • Integration
    • Speed


Big show-and-tell for Xerox execs

  • Big show-and-tell for Xerox execs

    • Lots of Altos
    • Ethernet
    • Laser printers
    • The apps you’ve seen
  • Goal: Get Xerox to make products

  • Result: Systems Development Division

    • Star office system
    • Limited sales of Alto office systems
      • E.g., to White House


Electronic printing—many billions of dollars

  • Electronic printing—many billions of dollars

  • Xerox Star—Office system

  • Fumbled the future?

    • Yes, but the real story is more interesting
  • “It’s easier to get a venture capitalist to give you money than to persuade the management of a large, successful company to try something new.” —Gordon Moore



9700—2 pages/sec computer printer

  • 9700—2 pages/sec computer printer

    • Based on Xerox 9200 copier
      • Hence sheet fed, good paper handling
      • Hence blue laser
    • “Character generator” based on PARC RCG
    • Competition: IBM laser printer
      • Fan-fold paper
  • Low end printers

    • First for Star—8000 print server
    • Later OEMed, but too expensive
  • Interpress—ancestor of Postscript



Star, shipped 1981 (same as IBM PC)

  • Star, shipped 1981 (same as IBM PC)

    • Ran on Dandelion processor
  • Built on Mesa and Pilot

    • Reliable, somewhat slow
  • Highly integrated

    • Editing, spreadsheet, filing, printing
  • Best office system for at least 10 years

    • Roughly = 1995 MS Windows /Office
    • Didn’t sell—too expensive, closed
      • $20-25k/workstation in total; 25,000 sold
      • Apple Lisa in 1982 failed for the same reasons
  • Irony: researchers wanted a much simpler product



Printing

  • Printing

    • Xerox focus on high end copiers and printers
      • “No money in low end”
    • Target existing markets: computer printing
      • Office printing ignored. Apple, HP won this in 1985
  • Star Office System

    • Engineers had a vision, and achieved it
      • A wonderful system: 10 years ahead of its time
      • Too expensive, inflexible
    • Overwhelmed by IBM PC wave
    • Researchers pushed for something more like Alto






Today’s PC is about 10,000 X an Alto

  • Today’s PC is about 10,000 X an Alto

  • Where did all the resources go?

    • Visual fidelity and elegance
    • Integration
    • Backward compatibility
    • Scale—books, not just memos
    • Time to market
    • Response time
  • Did we foresee it?

    • Of course: Moore’s law.


“The best way to predict the future is to invent it.”

  • “The best way to predict the future is to invent it.”

  • Are computers boring now? Hardly!

  • Computers are good for three things:

    • 1955: Simulation
    • 1980: Communication
    • 2005: Embodiment—interact with the physical world
  • The best is yet to come—see research.microsoft.com/gray

    • Robots
    • Computers that see, hear, talk, understand
    • Information at your fingertips


Yüklə 493 b.

Dostları ilə paylaş:




Verilənlər bazası müəlliflik hüququ ilə müdafiə olunur ©genderi.org 2024
rəhbərliyinə müraciət

    Ana səhifə