Chronology sources poland, russia and our lady of czestochowa



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CHRONOLOGY SOURCES

POLAND, RUSSIA AND OUR LADY OF CZESTOCHOWA

? A.D.: John Beckwith, Early Christian and Byzantine Art, p. 88

c. 99 A.D.: Joseph Mullooly, St. Clement, Pope and Martyr, pp. 139-45; Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, p. 14

c. 438 A.D.: John Beckwith, Early Christian and Byzantine Art, pp. 88-90

626 A.D.: Bissera Pentcheva, Icons and Power: The Mother of God in Byzantium, pp. 57-59

c. 655 A.D.: Herbert J. Thurston SJ, Butler’s Lives of the Saints, Vol. 4, pp.319-20

860-885 A.D.: (Work of the two saints) The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, p. 592; Pope Benedict XVI, Church Fathers and Teachers: From Saint Leo the Great to Peter Lombard, pp. 123-28; Anthony-Emil Tachiaos, Cyril and Methodius of Thessalonica; (patron saints of Europe) Apostolic Letter, Egregiae Virtutis, 30 Dec. 1980

963 A.D.: (Mt. Athos and Iveron) Sotiris Kadas, Mount Athos, pp. 12, 51-55; (Iveron icon) Orthodox Encyclopedia [Православная Энциклопедия], Vol. XXI, p. 8; Maria Vasilake, Images of the Mother of God: Perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium, pp. 133-35. At Mt. Athos, the icon was given the name Πορταΐτισσα because it was placed above the gate of the monastery.

966 A.D.: Oscar Halecki, A History of Poland, pp. 9-10

988 A.D.: (Czestochowa icon – St. Luke and Anna) Marian Zalecki, O.S.P., Theology of a Marian Shrine: Our Lady of Czestochowa (Univ. of Dayton 1976), pp. 81-82; (Saint Vladimir) Jukka Korpela, Prince, Saint and Apostle: Prince Vladimir Svjatoslavic of Kiev; George Vernadsky, Kievan Russia, pp. 56-74; Orthodox Encyclopedia [Православная Энциклопедия], Vol. VIII, p. 627; Herbert J. Thurston SJ, Butler’s Lives of the Saints, Vol. 3, p. 110; (transfer of relics of St.Clement to Kiev) press release of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (MP), “1900th Anniversary of the Demise of the Holy Martyr Clement, Bishop of Rome,” 11 Feb. 2002; Ken Perry, The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity, pp. 207-08

1028: A..P. Vlasto, The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom, pp. 302-04; Herbert J. Thurston SJ, Butler’s Lives of the Saints, Vol. 3, pp. 65-68; Muriel Heppell, The Paterik of the Kievan Caves Monastery

1054: Catholic Encyclopedia, “The Eastern Schism”

1240: Stephen Turnbull, Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests, pp. 48-49

1241: Homilies of Pope John Paul II at Legnica, L’Osservatore Romano (Eng. Ed.), 11 July 1983, pp. 5-6 and 11 June 1997, p. 5; Halecki, A History of Poland, pp. 37-38. Pope John Paul II in a homily at Czestochowa on June 5, 1979 stated: “Henry the Pious fell, it is true, on the battlefield, but the Tartars were forced to retire and they never again came so close to the West in their raids. Behind the heroic son was his mother, who gave him courage and recommended to the crucified Christ the battle at Legnica.”

1245: Henry Howorth, History of the Mongols, pp. 68-77

1270: Marian Zalecki, Theology of a Marian Shrine, pp. 80-81

Sept. 3, 1380: G.P. Fedotov, A Treasury of Russian Spirituality, pp.50-53, 77-78, 80-81; Pierre Kovalevsky, Saint Sergius and Russian Spirituality; Herbert J. Thurston SJ, Butler’s Lives of the Saints, vol. 3, pp. 639-44

1382: (Icon) Marian Zalecki, Theology of a Marian Shrine, pp. 53-54, 78, 81; (Jadwiga) Marian Halecki, A History of Poland, pp. 66-67

1386: Oscar Halecki, A History of Poland, pp. 68-70

Aug. 26, 1395: George Vernadsky, The Mongols and Russia, p. 276

July 15, 1410: Oscar Halecki, A History of Poland, pp. 77-78

1430: Marian Zalecki, Theology of a Marian Shrine, pp. 57, 61-62, 85, 90-91

1439: (Council) Joseph Gill, Council of Florence; (Isidore) Wikipedia, “Isidore of Kiev”

1443-1444: Oscar Halecki, A History of Poland, pp.88-90

1453: Steven Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople 1453 (Cambridge Univ. Press 1990); Steven Runciman, The Great Church in Captivity (Cambridge Univ. Press 1985), pp.110-11

March 4, 1484: (Casimir IV) Oscar Halecki, A History of Poland, pp. 90-98; (St. Casimir) Sigmund H. Uminski, The Royal Prince: A Story of St. Casimir

July 8, 1579: Article by Dmitri Khafizov, “On the Trail of the Icon,” Inside the Vatican Magazine, Dec. 2001, pp. 50-51. Khafizov is an historian for the city of Kazan.

1596: Catholic Encyclopedia, “Union of Brest”; Apostolic Letter for the Fourth Centenary of the Union of Brest, L’Osservatore Romano (Eng. Ed.), 22 Nov. 1995, pp. 6-8; Four Hundred Years Union of Brest (1595-1996): A Critical Re-evaluation, edited by Bert Groen

1605-1613: (Kazan icon) Article by Dmitri Khafizov, Inside the Vatican Magazine, Dec. 2001, pp.51-52. On September 22, 2011, a conference was held in St. Petersburg, Russia to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Kazan Cathedral in that city. One of the speakers was Natalia Chugreeva, senior fellow of the Central Museum of Ancient Russian Culture and Art of Andrei Rublev in Moscow, who is a leading expert on the Kazan icon. In her presentation she stated that it was “most likely” that the original Kazan icon remained in Kazan in 1612 and that it was a copy that was taken by the liberating army to Moscow. A summary of Chugreeva’s presentation was reported on the Russian Internet site, http://www.ruskline.ru.



1630: Article by Dmitri Khafizov, Inside the Vatican Magazine, Dec. 2001, p. 52

Oct. 13, 1648: Orthodox Encyclopedia [Православная Энциклопедия], Vol. XXI, p. 8

1655: (Ukraine) Oscar Halecki, A History of Poland, pp. 153-57; (Swedes and Czestochowa) Oscar Halecki, A History of Poland, pp. 157-61; Marian Zalecki, Theology of a Marian Shrine, pp. 73-74, 123

1656: (Proclamation) Oscar Halecki, A History of Poland, p. 159; Marian Zalecki, Theology of a Marian Shrine, pp. 127-28; (St. Andrew Bobola) Louis Gallagher SJ, The Life of Saint Andrew Bobola, of the Society of Jesus, Martyr

1683: Marian Zalecki, Theology of a Marian Shrine, p. 74; Oscar Halecki, A History of Poland, pp. 170-71

1772 – 1795: (Partitions) Oscar Halecki, A History of Poland, pp. 202-13; (Kosciuszko’s will) Gary Nash & Graham Hodges, Friends of Liberty

1812: (Generally) Michael Adams, Napoleon and Russia; (Kutuzov & Kazan icon) Caroline Brook, Moscow: A Cultural History, p. 44

1813: The history of the Kazan Cathedral and its copy of the Czestochowa icon are described in great detail in the large book Kazansky Cathedral [Казанский Собор] published in Russian by the St. Petersburg Orthodox Eparchy. A description of the history of the Kazan Cathedral’s copy of the Czestochowa icon is found at pages 84-86 of the book. See also New York Times, 20 Jan. 1932, p. 10 (Kazan cathedral to be converted into a museum)

1830 – 1863: Oscar Halecki, A History of Poland, pp. 229-41, 256

1833: (St. Seraphim) G.P. Fedotov, A Treasury of Russian Spirituality, pp. 250, 256; (Arzamas-16) The critical role that Arzamas-16 played in the Soviet Union’s development of the atomic and hydrogen bombs is described in a series of articles in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May 1993, pp. 18-36. The top-secret nuclear facility in Sarov is described in a Public Broadcasting System (USA) documentary http://www.pbs.org/opb/citizenk/arzamas16/arzamas.html

1858: (Lourdes) Franz Werfel, The Song of Bernadette; (St. Catherine Laboure) Fr. Joseph Dirvin, Saint Catherine Laboure of the Miraculous Medal; (LaSalette) Catholic Encyclopedia, “LaSalette”

June 29, 1904: Article by Dmitri Khafizov, Inside the Vatican Magazine, Dec. 2001, p. 52. On September 22, 2011, a conference was held in St. Petersburg, Russia to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Kazan Cathedral in that city. One of the speakers was Natalia Chugreeva, senior fellow of the Central Museum of Ancient Russian Culture and Art of Andrei Rublev in Moscow, who is a leading expert on the Kazan icon. She stated that the Kazan icon remaining in Kazan was stolen in 1904 by a thief named Bartholomew Stoyan. After Stoyan was apprehended by police, he informed them that he had stolen the icon for its jeweled riza or cover. He had also informed the police that he had burned the icon itself after removing its jeweled riza. The police found pieces of gesso and metal icon attachments in the stove at Stoyan’s dwelling. Nuns from the Mother of God Monastery, where the Kazan icon had been kept, identified these attachments as belonging to the stolen icon. There is therefore substantial evidence that the original Kazan icon was destroyed in 1904. Chugreeva’s presentation was summarized on the Russian Internet site, http://www.ruskline.ru.

1914: Wikipedia, “World War I”

May 13, 1917: William Thomas Walsh, Our Lady of Fatima, pp. 49-52

July 13, 1917: (Apparition) William Thomas Walsh, Our Lady of Fatima, pp.80-83; (Jacinta’s concern for future Pope) Id., at pp. 91-93

Oct. 13, 1917: (Fatima) William Thomas Walsh, Our Lady of Fatima, pp. 138-50; (Iveron) Orthodox Encyclopedia [Православная Энциклопедия], Vol. XXI, p. 8; (Kolbe) Maria Winowska, The Death Camp Proved Him Real: The Life of Father Maximilian Kolbe

Nov. 7, 1917: Dimitry Pospielovsky, The Russian Church under the Soviet Regime, 1917-1982; Rev. Christopher Zugger, The Forgotten: Catholics in the Soviet Empire from Lenin through Stalin

Sept. 1918: Article by Dmitri Khafizov, Inside the Vatican Magazine, Dec. 2001, pp. 52-53. The theft was reported in the Russian newspaper Mir.

Nov. 1918: (Poland) Oscar Halecki, A History of Poland, pp. 280-83

1920: Wikipedia, “Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius”

Aug. 1920: Norman Davies, White Eagle Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War 1919-1920 and The Miracle on the Vistula; Marian Zalecki, Theology of a Marian Shrine, p. 75; Rev. Christopher Zugger, The Forgotten: Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin through Stalin, p. 112; (Ratti in Warsaw) Zsolt Aradi, Pius XI, The Pope and the Man, pp.103-108

Feb. 6, 1922: Zsolt Aradi, Pius XI, The Pope and the Man, pp. 97, 146

Easter 1923: Rev. Christopher Zugger, The Forgotten: Catholics of the Soviet Empire from Lenin to Stalin, pp. 180-89; James Zatko, Descent into Darkness: The Destruction of the Roman Catholic Church in Russia 1917-1923, pp. 139-70, 173-77

1929: (Russicum) Zsolt Aradi, Pius XI, The Pope and the Man, pp. 228-29

1936: (Razed) New York Times, 29 Aug. 1936, p. 1; article by Judith Ingram, New York Times, 5 Nov. 1993.

Feb. 1937: Maria Winowska, The Death Camp Proved Him Real: The Life of Father Maximilian Kolbe

Aug. 23, 1939: (Secret pact) Article by Esther B. Fein, New York Times, 19 Aug. 1989. In August 1989, the Soviet government acknowledged for the first time the secret pact.

Sept. 1, 1939: (Invasion of Poland)Oscar Halecki, A History of Poland, p. 309; (Hans Frank diary) Marian Zalecki, Theology of a Marian Shrine, p. 76; Lech Walesa, The Struggle and the Triumph: An Autobiography, p. 291; (statement by Pope Pius XII) Pope John Paul II, Rise, Let Us Be on Our Way, p. 52

Aug. 14, 1941: André Frossard, Forget Not Love: The Passion of Maximilian Kolbe, pp. 180-88

Oct. 1941: Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, pp. 13-14

1942: Bernard Ruffin, Padre Pio: The True Story

Oct. 31, 1942: (Consecration) Radio message to Portugal: Prayer for the Consecration of the Church and whole human race to the Immaculate Heart of Mary; W.J. Doheny & J.P. Kelly, Papal Documents on Mary, pp. 202-04; (episcopal ordination) William Thomas Walsh, Our Lady of Fatima, p. 52; (interview of Lucia) William Thomas Walsh, Our Lady of Fatima, p. 221

Aug. 9, 1945: (Bombing of Nagasaki) Wikipedia, “Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki”; (surrender) Richard Frank, Downfall: the End of the Imperial Japanese Empire, p. 315; (friary not destroyed) Wikipedia, “Maximilian Kolbe”

1945-1946: Some of the actions of the Soviet government are described in communications found in the archives of the Security Service of Ukraine. This includes telegram No. 82, dated 25 Jan. 1946, from the Commissar of State Security of the USSR Merkulov to Commissar of State Security of the Ukrainian SSR Savchenko that “agents should make up at least 60-70% of the delegates” to the Lvov Council. See SEIA Newsletter on the Eastern Churches, March 2010, p. 16.

Easter 1946: (Liturgy again celebrated) Wikipedia, “Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius”; (Vladimir icon) Orthodox Encyclopedia [Православная Энциклопедия], Vol. IX, p. 8; (Iveron icon) Orthodox Encyclopedia [Православная Энциклопедия], Vol. XXI, p. 8

May 13, 1946: William Thomas Walsh, Our Lady of Fatima, p. 210

Sept. 8, 1946: Marian Zalecki, Theology of a Marian Shrine, pp. 133-34. Pope John Paul II in his homily at Czestochowa on June 4, 1978, stated: “Before the Virgin of Czestochowa there was pronounced the consecration of Poland to the Immaculate Heart of Mary on September 8, 1946.”

1947: The interviews of the elderly Cracow priests were described in the Italian monthly magazine, Notiziario Cappuccino, published in Rome on 25 June 1981. A few days later, the account in Notiziario Cappuccino was reported in an article by National Catholic (NC) news agency (USA).

Nov. 16, 1948: Andrzej Micewski, Cardinal Wyszynski: A Biography (Harcourt Brace 1984), pp. 1-2, 10, 44; Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski, A Freedom Within: The Prison Notes of Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski (Harcourt Brace 1984), pp. 40-42

Nov. 1, 1950: (Declaration) Munificentissimus Deus, Acta Apostolicae Sedis 42 [1950], pp. 753-71; (Pope’s note) article by Antonio Gaspari, Zenit news service, 4 Nov. 2008. The note, found in the Pacelli family archives, was displayed at a Vatican exhibit, “Pius XII: The Man and the Pontificate.” In the note, the Pope gave a very detailed description of what he saw on the four occasions. (surviving monasteries in the Soviet Union) For example, the important monasteries at Pskov-Caves, Zhiroviksy, Pochaev, Pühtitsa, and Odessa were all dedicated to the Assumption (Dormition). The principal church at the Holy Trinity – St. Sergius Monastery was also dedicated to the Assumption.

July 7, 1952: Sacro Vergente Anno, Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 44 [1952], p. 505-511

1953: Andrzej Micewski, Cardinal Wyszynski: A Biography, pp. 73-159; Stephan Wyszynski, A Freedom Within, pp. 1-9, 346.

1956: (Marian year and vows) Oscar Zalecki, Theology of a Marian Shrine, pp. 136-45. Pope John Paul II stated in his homily at Czestochowa on June 4, 1979 that in 1956 the “vows of King Kazimierz were renewed at Jasna Gora on the 300th anniversary of the time when he, after a period referred to as one of deluge, proclaimed the Mother of God Queen of the Polish Kingdom.” ; (significant events in Poland) Norman Davies, Heart of Europe; A Short History of Poland, pp. 9-13; (actions of Cardinal) Andrzej Micewski, Cardinal Wyszynski: A Biography, pp. 157-58, 164

1956-1965: Oscar Zalecki, Theology of a Marian Shrine, pp. 148-49

Sept. 28, 1958: (Consecration and last act of Pope Pius XII) George Weigel, Witness to Hope, pp. 148-50; (trip to Czestochowa) Pope John Paul II, Rise, Let Us Be on Our Way, p. 51; Adam Boniecki, The Making of the Pope of the Millennium: Kalendarium of the Life of Karol Wojtyla (Marian Press 2000), p. 174

Nov. 28, 1962: Wanda Poltawska,”I Have No Doubts: That Friar Was a Saint,” 30 Days Magazine, Mar. 1989, p. 64; National Catholic Register, 21 Oct. 1984

Aug. 15, 1963: Adam Boniecki, The Making of the Pope of the Millennium: Kalendarium of the Life of Karol Wojtyla, pp. 218-19, 298

Nov. 21, 1964: (Role of Cardinal Wynzynski in proclaiming Mary Mother of the Church) Andrzej Micewski, Cardinal Wyszynski: A Biography, pp. 237, 242-42, 405; Oscar Zalecki, Theology of a Marian Shrine, p. 151. On May 4, 1987, Cardinal John Krol, a good friend of Cardinal Wynzynski, wrote a letter to the author of this chronology that a more detailed account of Cardinal Wynzynski’s important role in the declaration of Mary as Mother of the Church is found in the book Wyszynsko Polem na Tobie.

1964-1965: (Exhibit of icon at NY World’s Fair) Official Guide New York World’s Fair 1964/1965, p. 58. In the Official Guide, a large photograph of the Kazan icon is shown opposite a photograph of the original Michelangelo’s Pieta, which had been transported from St. Peter’s Basilica to the Vatican pavilion at the Fair. (Orthodox campaign) Article by Dmitri Khafizov, Inside the Vatican Magazine, Jan. 2002, pp. 54-59; Feb. 2002, pp. 66-68; (Blue Army) article by Dmitri Khafizov, Inside the Vatican Magazine, Feb. 2002, pp. 71-73. The acquisition of the Kazan icon is described in detail by the co-founder of the Blue Army, John M. Haffert in his history of the Blue Army, Dear Bishop! at pp. 180-83

Dec. 4, 1965: Oscar Zalecki, Theology of a Marian Shrine, p. 151; Andrzej Micewski, Cardinal Wyszynski: A Biography, pp.255-56; Xavier Rynne, Vatican Council II.

1966: (Celebration) Oscar Zalecki, Theology of a Marian Shrine, pp. 151-55; Andrzej Micewski, Cardinal Wyszynski, pp.268-72. Pope John Paul II in his homily at Czestochowa on June 4, 1979, stated: “Finally, in the year of the millennium itself, on May 3, 1966, in this place the Primate of Poland pronounced the act of total servitude to the Mother of God for the freedom of the Church in Poland and throughout the world. This historic act was pronounced here, before Paul VI, absent in body but present in spirit, as a testimony of the lively and strong faith expected and demanded by the present times.” (seizure of icon) Pope John Paul II, Rise, Let Us Be on Our Way, pp. 52-53; Andrzej Micewski, Cardinal Wyszynski: A Biography, p. 272; Lech Walesa, The Struggle and the Triumph: An Autobiography, pp. 291-92; Adam Boniecki, The Making of the Pope of the Millennium: Kalendarium of the Life of Karol Wojtyla, pp. 276-77

Dec. 1970: Article by James Feron, New York Times, 22 Dec. 1970; Norman Davies, Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland, pp. 14-15

Oct. 17, 1971: Andrzej Micewski, Cardinal Wyszynski: A Biography, p. 327. A longer quotation of Cardinal Wyszynski’s appeal to Pope Paul VI is found in an article by Rev. Stanley Smolenski, “Poland Consecrates Herself and the World to Mary,” Immaculata Magazine, May 1975.

Oct. 5, 1974: The text of the letter was translated into English and published in an article by Rev. Stanley Smolenski, “Poland Consecrates Herself and the World to Mary,” Immaculata Magazine, May 1974.

Dec. 14, 1975: (Rome event) Article by Reuters, New York Times, 15 Dec. 1975: “Pope Paul VI, in a dramatic gesture that Vatican officials said was not planned, later prostrated himself to kiss the foot of Metropolitan Meliton of Chalcedon”; (comments by Ecumenical Patriarch a few days later) E. J. Stormon, SJ, editor, Towards the Healing of Schism, pp. 295-96. The Ecumenical Patriarch’s remarks were also quoted by Cardinal William Keeler in a speech entitled, “The Dialogue between East and West – Challenges and Hopes,” given on Apr. 9, 2000, at Scranton University.

June 7, 1976: (Polish bishops) Pope John Paul II at the close of his homily at Czestochowa on June 4, 1979 stated: “Some years later, on June 7, 1976, they [the Polish bishops] consecrated to you [Mary] all of humanity, all the nations and peoples of the modern world, and their brothers and sisters who are close to them by faith, by language and by the destines they share in history, extending this consecration to the furthest limits of love as is demanded by your heart, the heart of a Mother who embraces each and every person, always and everywhere.” (Slipyj) Catholic Heard (UK), 7 Mar. 1975 & 29 Aug. 1975

1976: Andrzej Micewski, Cardinal Wyszynski: A Biography, pp.424-25.

Apr. 15, 1978: Divine Mercy in My Soul; The Diary of Sister M. Faustina Kowalska (Marian Press 1987), pp. xi, 612

Aug. 26, 1978: (Death) George Weigel, Witness to Hope, p. 242. The Pope died on August 6. (election of new pope) Id., at p. 246. In his homily at Czestochowa on June 4, 1979, Pope John Paul II specifically noted that Pope John Paul I had been elected “on August 26, the day on which Poland, and especially Jasna Gora, celebrates the solemnity of Our Lady of Czestochowa.”

Sept. 5, 1978: (Metropolitan’s death) “Death of Metropolitan Nikodim”: 30 Days (June/July 2006)(“…I have never heard such fine things” – interview of the translator Father Miguel Arranz SJ), posted at http://www.30giorni.it/us/articolo.asp?id=10642. The extemporaneous remarks of Pope John Paul to the Roman clergy concerning Metropolitan Nikodim’s death are quoted in the foregoing article and are also contained in a Vatican Radio audio recording of the remarks obtained by the author of this chronology. These extemporaneous remarks were not included in the official text of the Pope’s address that was subsequently published by the Vatican. (dissertation) Nikodim’s dissertation on Pope John XXIII was later published, with an introduction by Cardinal König, by Pro Oriente (Vienna) in 1984. (visit to Fatima) article by Msgr.John J. Mowatt, Soul Magazine, Sept.-Oct. 1979, pp. 15-16. In this article, Metropolitan Nikodim’s visit was described by Archpriest John Mowatt, the Byzantine Catholic priest at the Blue Army’s International Center at Fatima. The visit occurred on May 22, 1975. Msgr. Mowatt spent six hours with Metropolitan Nikodim during his visit. The Fatima visit is also described in an article by John M. Haffert, “A Surprise from Russia,” Soul Magazine, Nov.-Dec. 1986, pp. 8-9

Oct. 13, 1978: (Deskur) George Weigel, Witness to Hope, pp. 248, 251; (hitchhiking) The story of Wojtyla hitchhiking from Mentorella was first made public when the Pope visited Palestrina on 18 Aug. 1983. Before the Mass in Palestrina, the Pope talked for approximately ten minutes with Candido Nardi, the man who had stopped and given Wojtyla the ride to Palestrina on 14 Oct. 1978. Vatican aides then told the story to the press. The story was the subject of articles by both Associated Press and United Press International that appeared in newspapers on 19 Aug. 1983. In 2011, the story was also told in greater detail in the book La valigia di Papa Wojtyla [The case of Pope Wojtyla], written by Fabio Zavattaro, the Vatican expert for the Italian state-owned television network RIA.

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