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National Research University – Higher School of Economics

Department of Public Policy



Syllabus of the course: “Ethics of War and Global Security”

Master’s program “Political Analysis and Public Policy”





Government of the Russian Federation
National Research University Higher School of Economics

Department of Public Policy


Syllabus of the course:

Ethics of War and Peace. Global Security
Master’s program “Political Analysis and Public Policy”

Political Science (030200.68)

Author of the syllabus: Boris Kashnikov, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor.
Approved by the Department of Public Policy

on (day/month/year) «___»____________ 2014


Head of department:

Nina Belyaeva (signature)



Moscow, 2014
This syllabus cannot be used by other university departments and other higher education institutions without the explicit permission of the department of Public Policy.


  1. Scope of Use

The present program outlines the requirements for students’ knowledge and skills and the content of the course.

The syllabus is developed for the department, responsible for teaching the course, professors and teaching assistants, students of the master’s program ‘Political Analysis and Public Policy’.

This syllabus meets the standards required by:

  • Standards of National Research University Higher School of Economics of Federal Masters’ Degree Program 030200.68 “Political Science”,

  • Master’s program ‘Political Analysis and Public Policy’ of Federal Master’s Degree Program 030200.68 “Political Science”,

  • Curriculum of the master’s program ‘Political Analysis and Public Policy’ as of 2014.




  1. Objectives of the course

  • The students are getting some basic skills of ethical analysis of conflicts, war, massive violence and global security. The analysis will be based of both descriptive and prescriptive approach.

  • They are getting some positive knowledge related to this much disputed sphere.

  • They are supposed to work out some firm and everlasting values related to the sphere of war and violence, which they will be capable to justify and develop.




  1. Supposed Outcomes.

The students are supposed to adopt the following competences:
System competencies


Code (RUS)

Code (ENG)

Competence description

СК-1

SC-1

Ability to analyze and improve familiar research methods and professional skills

СК-2

SC-2

Ability to generate concepts and theoretical models, to test new methods and tools for professional activities

СК-3

SC-3

Ability to learn new research methods and approaches on his/her own, to evolve professionally

СК-8

SC-8

Ability to carry out research and other professional activities in an international environment

Professional competencies



Code (RUS)

Code (ENG)

Competence description

ПК-1

PC-1

Ability to organize research and analytical teamwork

ПК-2

PC-2

Ability to use organizational and managerial skills in her/his research and social projects, consulting activities, analytical work.

ПК-3

PC-3

Ability to freely use foreign languages ​​for professional communication

ПК-4

PC-4

Ability to communicate effectively with different audiences, to deliver her/his message clearly and to tailor it depending on the audience’s age, education, attitude to the speaker, etc.

ПК-5

PC-5

Ability to report the work results and present them according to required standards

ПК-6

PC-6

Ability to prepare analytical materials (reviews, notes, reports, recommendations, etc) and policy proposals for decision-makers.

ПК-8

PC-8

Ability to analyze political, economic and sociological data using different qualitative and quantitative methods.

ПК-9

PC-9

Ability to use deep knowledge of legal and ethical standards in assessing the impact of his/her professional decisions, especially when working on important social issues.

ПК-10

PC-10

Ability to apply knowledge of contemporary research methods, to interpret the results of research and to present them in an ethical manner

Personal and social competencies



Code (RUS)

Code (ENG)

Competence description

ПК-11

PC-11

Ability to define and spread legal and ethical standards in her/his professional and social activities.

ПК-12

PC-12

Ability to leverage social and multicultural differences to solve problems in professional and social activities


  1. Role of the discipline within the structure of Master program


Example: This course is a professional one, taught in the second year of master’s program ‘Political Analysis and Public Policy’. This is an elective course which requires prior knowledge in political science and public policy analysis.
This course is based on knowledge and competences which were provided by the following disciplines:

  • Philosophy.

  • Political Science

The following knowledge and competences are needed to study the discipline:



  • The basic skills of philosophical analysis

  • The basic knowledge of the structure of the political

  • The knowledge of the basics of international and domestic legislation

  • Some general knowledge of sociology would help

Main competences developed by studying this discipline can be used to study the following discipline:



  • Political and applied Ethics

  • Political analysis

  • Public policy



  1. Course Plan



Topic

Total hours

Work in the class

Independent work










Lectures

Seminars






The ethical meaning and nature of war and peace

9

2

1

6



The contemporary transformation of war and the crisis of values

9

2

1

6



Terrorism. Its ethics, values and moral meaning

10

2

2

8



Pacifism and non violence

10

2

2

8



Militarism and the glorification of war

10

2

2

6



Realism and “realpolitic”

10

2

2

8



Just War Theory and the moral justification of war

10

2

2

6



Jus ad Bellum Principles (Just cause, Legitimate Authority, Good Intentions)

10

2

2

6



Jus ad Bellum Principles (Proportionality, Last Resort, Reasonable Chance of Success)

10

4




6



Jus in Bello Principles and the possibility of the limited war

10

4




6



Private military companies

10

2

2

6



Arms control and disarmament. Russian international treaties

12

2

2

8



Nuclear Policy and non-proliferation

8

2




6



Case Studies (Iraq, Afghanistan, Kosovo, Georgia, Ukraine, etc)

10

2

2

8

Total:




144

32

20

92



  1. Requirements and Grading



Type of grading

Type of work

1 year

Parameters

3

4




Current

Essay


9




10 thousand characters by the end of the first module is due

Homework

*

*

Weekly homework is due

Midterm

Exam

*




Oral presentation of the main thesis of the essay

Final

Research paper







Research paper on one of the topics. 20 thousand characters.

Final

Exam




*

Oral exam by the end of the semester.


    1. Course Evaluation Criteria

Students are expected to regularly do the homework reading and study according to the lists of sources (books, documents, electronic resources) provided by the lecturer. On seminars students are expected to take active part at the discussion and demonstrate good acquaintance with content of lectures, documents and respective literature. If the student misses more then 20% of class meetings, additional assignment will be provided. The deadlines should be met. The Essay will be evaluated on the basis of the text written and oral presentation of it. Research paper should contain the analyses of literature on the subject as well as personal attitude to the subject matter. The oral exam by the end of the course will be provided in the form of a conversation of the student with the course instructor on one of the topics of the course. Students are supposed to work out a certain ethical attitude to war and violence and the ability to apply it in a public discussion on the matters of war. The research paper is supposed to demonstrate the ability to defend this or that normative attitude to war through the analysis of the case of some war of past or present.

  1. Course Description. The content of the course.



1. The Ethical Meaning and Nature of War and Peace



Violence and human nature. The legacy of Hobbes. A war of everyone against everyone, which made life ‘poore, nasty, brutish, and short’. The legacy of Rousseau. Aboriginal humans living sparsely and harmoniously in nature, peacefully exploiting abundant resources. Naturalistic conceptions of violence. Darwin and the law of the survival of the fittest. Zigmund Freud on “Death Instinct”. Conrad Lorenz “On Aggression”.

The Nature of War .War and violence. The definition of war in “On War” by Carl Clausewitz. War as duel. War as an act of violence intended to compel our opponent to fulfill our will Absolute war as a pure concept of war and a logical fantasy. The political nature of war. War as the continuation of policy by other means. The trinitarian conception of war. The trinity of government, army and people as the nature of war. Pulsation of violence.

Ethics, Morality and the possibility of justified violence. The general overview of the moral theories. Moral violence and ethical war.

Constraints of War. The concept of frictions in war. The possible goals of war. War and a game of cards. The war genius. The ultimate objective of bringing peace. The danger of absolute war.

Morality of War. Anarchy as a defining characteristic of the international landscape. International law and prudence in war. Expenses of war.

Morality in War. The traditional nature of the morality in war. Enlighten realism of Clausewitz.
The wars of civilized nations. The effective ways of war and moral ways of war. War as expression of instinct and war as expression of reason. Barbarous wars. Disapproval of meaningless destruction.

War in Post-Industrial Society. The 11 September 2001 mega-terror attacks in New York City and Washington, DC as a landmark of a new type of war. The critique of the Trinitarian model of warfare. Entities other than states and means other than armies in the contemporary war.

Required readings::

Clausewitz, Carl von. On War. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (trans. and eds.) (Princeton University Press, 1976)

Bernstein, Richard J. Violence: Thinking without Banisters (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013)


Optional readings:

Arendt, Hannah. On Violence (New York: Harcourt, Inc., 1970)



Bellamy, Christopher. The Evolution of Modem Land Warfare: Theory and

Practice (London: Routledge, 1990)

Clark, Wesley. Waging Modem War (New York: Public Affairs, 2001)

Creveld, Martin van. The Transformation of War (New York: The Free Press, 1991).

Gat, Azar. War in Human Civilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006)

Ginsberg, Benjamin. The Value of Violence (New York: Prometheus Books, 2013)

Girard, Rene. Violence and the Sacred (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977)

Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Michael Oakeshott (ed). (New York: Macmillan, 1962)

European Warfare 1453-1815. Jeremy Black (Ed.) (London: Macmillan,1999)

Howard, Michael. Clausewitz: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2002)

Keegan, John. A History of Warfare (New York, Knopf, 1993)

Lebow, Richard Ned. Why Nations Fight (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010)

Schmitt, Carl. Theory of the Partisan. Intermediate Commentary on the Concept of the Political (New York: Telos Press, 2007)

Hanssen, Beatrice. Critique of Violence: Between Poststructuralism and Critical Theory (London: Routledge, 2000)

Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996)

Lorenz, Conrad. On Agression (London: Routledge, 2002)

Niebuhr, Reinhold. Moral Man and Immoral Society. A study in Ethics and Politics (London: Westminster John Know Press, 1932)

Schmitt, Carl. The Concept of the Political (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996)

Sen, Amartia. Indentity and Violence. The Illusion of Destiny (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2006)

Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Richard Philcox (New York: Grove Press, 2004)

Zizek, Slavoy. Violence (New York: Picador, 2008)

2. The Contemporary Transformation of War and the Crisis of Values



The changing face of war. Politics as a continuation of war by other means. The demise of the trinity. War as a permanent state of affairs. The merging of war and police operation. Targeted killings. Torture and the ticking time bomb.

Asymmetric warfare. The guerilla warfare. The tactics, strategy and norms of the partisan war.

Proxy wars. The history of the proxy wars. The velvet revolution as a new analogue of the proxy war.

The extinction of citizen-soldier. The conscription, the professional army and the mercenary system. The contemporary professional military service.

Smart weapons. The dark side of the smart weapons. The tendency to irresponsible use of weapons.

The tendency to zero casualties. The reality of a war with no risk. Terrorism as a possible reply.

The use of drones. The lure of drones. The problem with international law.

Cyber war. Sabotage. Denial-of-service attack. Electrical power grid. Cyber attack in Iran in 2010. Cyberspace as the fifth domain of warfare.

Private military companies. Mercenaries. The role of mercenary armies in the warfare of the past. The contemporary mercenaries and the changing face of war. The case studies: the PMC in Croatia, Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan.
Required readings:

Creveld, Martin van. The Transformation of War (New York: The Free Press, 1991)
Optional readings:

Arreguin-Toft, Ivan. How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict (New York & Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005)

Bacevich, Andrew J. Washington Rules America’s Path to Permanent War (New York: Metropolitan Books. Henry Holt and Company, 2010)

Brecher, Bob. Torture and the Ticking Time Bomb (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007)

Gat, Azar. War in Human Civilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006)

Gross, Michael. Moral Dilemmas of Modern War. Torture, Assassination, and Blackmail in an Age of Asymmetric Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010)

Hardt, Michael and Negri, Antonio. Multitude. War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (New York: The Penguin Press, 2004)

Ignatieff, Michael. Virtual War (London, Chatto and Windus,2000)

Kahn, Paul W. Sacred Violence. Torture, Terror and Sovereignty (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2008)

Keegan, John. A History of Warfare (New York, Knopf, 1993)

Schmitt, Carl. Theory of the Partisan. Intermediate Commentary on the Concept of the Political (New York: Telos Press, 2007)

War. Opposing Viewpoints. Tamara L. Roleff (ed.) (San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 1999)

3. Terrorism. Its ethics, values and moral meaning



On defining terrorism. Terrorism as a form of violence. Terrorism and terror. Terrorism and war. Terrorism and police operations. Terrorism and torture. Terrorism and genocide. The history of terrorism. Assassins. The French revolution and the great terror. The types of terrorisms. Rational terrorism, Affective terrorism, Hyper terrorism, Traditional terrorism.

Martyr Terrorism. Kamikaze. Religion and terrorism.

Jus ad Bellum and terrorism. The theoretical possibility to comply with all the principles, but legitimate authority.

Jus in Bello and terrorism. The theoretical possibility to comply with all the principles.

Case studies. Russian terrorism of the late 19th
century, Greece, Chechnya, Palestine, Iraq. The bombing of Germany as a case of state terrorism.

The motivation of terrorists. Mindset of terrorists. The philology of terrorism.
Required readings:

Fotion, Nicholas; Kashnikov, Boris and Lekea, Joanne. Terrorism. The New World Disorder (London: Continuum, 2007)
Optional readings:

Barlow, Hugh. Dead for Good: Martyrdom and the Rise of the Suicide Bomber (Boulder, London: Paradigm Publishers, 2007)

Benoist, Alain de. Carl Schmitt Today. Terrorism, “Just” War, and the State of Emergency (London: Arktos, 2013)

Bloom, Mia. Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005)

Elstain, Jean Bethke. Just War Against Terror. The Burden of American Power in a Violent World (New York: Basic Boos, 2013)

Evans, Brad. Liberal Terror (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013)

Kahn, Paul W. Sacred Violence. Torture, Terror and Sovereignty (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2008)

Laqueur, Walter. The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999)

Nathanson, Stephen. Terrorism and the Ethics of War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010)

Steinhoff, Uwe. On the Ethics of War and Terrorism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007)


4. Pacifism and non violence

The wrongness of all violence and the desire to abolish war as the natural intuitions. The historical background of pacifism. Nuclear pacifism. Pacifism and the practice of non violent resistance. Pacifism and civilian based defense. Peace movements. Peace keeping and peace making.



Metaphysical and existential pacifism. Religious pacifism in Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Judaism. The practice of Ahimsa. Quakers. Mennonites. Amish. Existential Pacifism of Tolstoy. Pacifism and abstention from political activity. Tolstoy’s anarchism. Violence as the Evil. Pacifism and non violence.

Deontological and Consequential Pacifism. The hypocritical nature of consequential pacifism. Rule utilitarianism and act utilitarianism. Political pacifism

Absolute and Contingent Pacifism. Pacifism and non-resistance. War is inadmissible in certain types of circumstances and admissible in other. The conception of McMahan.

Virtue theory and Pacifism development. Virtues and cultural sensibilities. The virtues of compassion, rationality, acceptance, and cooperation and the possibility of ongoing dialogue as the major constraint on war.
Required readings:

Moral Constraints on War. Principles and Cases. Bruno Coppieters and Nick Fotion (eds.) (Boston and Oxford: Lexington Books, 2002), pp. 7-10

Holmes, Robert. On War and Morality (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989)


Optional readings:

Cady, Duane L. From Warism to Pacifism (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989)

Brock, Peter. Varieties of Pacifism: A Survey from Antiquity to the Outset of the Twentieth Century (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1999).

Kant, Immanuel. Perpetual Peace // Kant's Political Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)

Levinas, Emmanuel. Totality & Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority, Translated by Alphonso Lingis (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1969)

McMahan, Jeff. Killing in War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008)

Rodin, David. War and Self-Defence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)

Sharp, Gene. Waging Nonviolent Struggle (Boston: Porter Sargent, 2005)

Tolstoy, Leo. Letter to Ernst Howard Crosby // Leo Tolstoy. Government is Violence: Essays on Anarchism and Pacifism, David Stephens (ed.) (London: Phoenix Press, 1990)

5. Militarism and the glorification of war



Traditional Militarism. Militaristic state of Sparta. Militarism in Japan. Seven virtues of bushido. Knighthood in Europe and the virtues of warfare. The Medieval Canon Law and the efforts to put a honorable constraint on warfare.

Militarism of Modernity. The code of conduct of a professional soldier. The World War 1 and the revival of Militarism. Sombart on Merchants and Heroes. Fascism and militarism. Conscription, Democracy and Militarism. The influence of Nietzsche.

Contemporary Militarism. American Militarism. Israel’s militarism. The decline of military ethics and the emergence of the Private Military Companies. The radicals of all stripes and value of violence.

Military virtues. Plato on courage. Aristotle on courage. The virtue of obedience. Warrior’ honor. The code of the warrior. The values and Ideals of the Warrior’s Class. The Russian military virtues. Ivan Ilyin on the honor of warrior.
Required readings:

Bushido website: http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/students/bushido/bindex.html

Ignatieff, Michael. Warrior’s Honor. Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997)
Optional readings:

Bacevich, Andrew J. The New American Militarism (Oxford: University Press, 2005)

Bond, Brian. War and Society in Europe, 1870-1970 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 1985)

Coates A.J. The Ethics of War (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1997)

French, Shannon E. The Code of the Warrior (Oxford: Roman and Littlefield, 2005)

Huntington, Samuel P. Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981)

Luginbill, R.D. Thucydides on War and National Character (Boulder: Westview , 1999)

Olsthoorn, Peter. Military Ethics and Virtues. An interdisciplinary approach for the 21st century (London: Routledge, 2011)

Sombart, Werner. Händler und Helden (München: Duncker & Humblot. 1915)

Thucydides. The Peloponnesian War. Translated by Steven Lattimore. (Indianapolis, Hackett, 1998)

Vagts, Alfred. A History of Militarism (New York: Meridian Books, 1959)

6. Realism and “realpolitic”



Main Features of Realism. Thucydides, Hobbes and Machiavelli as the founding fathers of realism. “Where there is no common power, there is no law: where no law, no injustice”. International arena as anarchy. National self-interest as the driving force of war.

Political Realism and Philosophical Realism. The idea of the balance of power and the Newtonian vision of a world. The cynical realism of the political world. Kissinger, Nixon and the war in Vietnam.

Enlighten Realism. Thucydides and Clausewitz. The role of morality and ethics in international relations. The political and moral constraints on war. Linking morality with positive law. Prudence.

Egoistic Realism of Max Weber. The influence of social darwinism. The survival of the fittest on the international arena. Universal will to power and the desire to dominate. Nikolay Danilevski. Hantington.

Pessimistic Realism of Niebuhr. The group is more likely to act more aggressively than the individual. The anarchy of intergroup relations. Basic egoism of nations and states.

Tragic Realism of Morgenthau. The lust for power as the driving force of nations. An absurdity of waging a nuclear war.

Positivistic Realism of Waltz. The anarchical nature of international relations. Unipolarity, bipolarity and multipolarity of international relations. The balance of power.
Required readings:

Lebow, Richard N. The Tragic Vision of Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)



Optional readings:

Clausewitz, Carl von. On War, trans. and eds. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976)

Craig, Campbell. Glimmer of a New Leviathan : Total War in the Realism of Niebuhr, Morgenthau, and Waltz (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003)

Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Michael Oakeshott (ed). (New York: Macmillan, 1962)

Lebow, Richard N. Why Nations Fight: The Past and Future of War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010)

Lebow, Richard N. Coercion, Cooperation and Ethics (New York: Routledge, 2006).

Morgenthau, Hans. Politics Among Nations (New York: Knopf, 1948)

Thayer, Bradley. Darwin and International Relations: On Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict. (Lexington: University of Kentucky 2004)

Thucydides. The Peloponnesian War. Translated by Steven Lattimore. (Indianapolis, Hackett, 1998)

Niebuhr, Reinhold. Moral Man and Immoral Society. A study in Ethics and Politics (London: Westminster John Know Press, 1932)

Waltz, Kenneth. Man, the State and War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1954)



7. Just War Theory and the moral justification of war



The historical background of the idea of the Just War. The ideas of justified war in the writings of Aristotle and Cicero. The Chinese traditional thought on the justified war. Mo Tzu. Just war in Islam. Hindi tradition on just war.

The theological foundations of the doctrine of the Just War. Augustine on the Just War. Gratian on Just War. Aquinas on Just War.

The idea of the Holy War and Crusade. 16th Brutish tradition of Holy War. Gosson. Amerinan neocons on the Holy War for sacred democracy. The ideological equivalent of the holy war. The concept of the “enemy of the humanity”.

The rights based theory of just war. The basic rights of combatants and non combatants.

The utilitarian theory of just war. Utilitarian rules of war.

The contradictions of the just war theory. The basic contradiction of justice and justification. Justice as an end state. Utilitarianism of rights as the proper background of the Just War Theory.

The philosophy of International Law and the concept of the necessary war. The ideological and non ideological restraints on war. The secularization of international law. Hugo Grotius. Emmerich de Vattel. John Lock. War as a negative duty. The critique of the war to implement a value.

Kant on ethics of International relations. Self-defense as the only meaningful reason for war. States rights and states duties. The republican states and the tendency to eliminate war.

Ivan Ilyin on resistance to evil by force. The critique of pacifism of Tolstoy. The right of resistance and the duty of resistance to evil. The virtues of warrior.

The Westphalian Order of international relations. The UN Charter on the right of self-defence and the prohibition of aggression. The demise of the Westphalian order. The conception of humanitarian intervention. The war on terror.

Required readings:

Michael Walzer. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1977)



Moral Constraints on War. Principles and Cases. Nick Fotion and Bruno Coppieters (eds.) (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2008)
Optional readings:

Saint Augustine. The City of God. Book 19, ch. 12, translated by Marcus Dods, in : Great books of the Westen World, Vol. 16 : Augustine, Chicago, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1990

St. Thomas Aquinas, The Summa Theologica, translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province (Chicago, London, Toronto, Geneva, Sydney, Tokyo and Manila, William Benton Publisher, Encylopaedia Britannica Inc., 1952)

Christopher, Paul. The Ethics of War and Peace, 2nd edition (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999)

Keen, Maurice Hugh, The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages (London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1965)

Kelsay, John. Islam and War (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster - John Knox Press, 1993)

Mo Tzu. Basic Writings, translated by Burton Watson (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1963)

Ramsey, Paul. Just and Unjust Wars (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968)

Rawls, John. The Law of Peoples (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1999)

War, Morality and the Military Profession, 2nd edition, ed. by Malham M. Wakin (Boulder and London: Westview Press, 1986)

Benoist, Alain de. Carl Schmitt Today. Terrorism, “Just” War, and the State of Emergency (London: Arktos, 2013)

Bloom, Mia. Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005)

Elstain, Jean Bethke. Just War Against Terror. The Burden of American Power in a Violent World (New York: Basic Boos, 2013)

Grotius, Hugo. The Law of War and Peace, translated by Francis W. Kelsey (Indianapolis IN, Bobbs-Merrill Co., New York, 1962)

Cohen, Sheldon. Arms and Judgment (Boulder CO, Westview Press, 1989)

Johnson, James Turner. Ideology, Reason and the Limitation of War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975)

Kamm, F.M. Ethics for Enemies. Terror, Torture and War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)

Lock, John. Two Treatises on Civil Government (London: J.M. Dent and sons; New York: E.P. Dutton and Co., 1924)

Orend, Brian. War and International Justice. A Kantian Perspective (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2000)

Walzer, Michael. The Revolution of the Saints (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975

8. Jus ad Bellum Principles (Just cause, Legitimate Authority, Good Intentions)


Jus ad Bellum. Mo Tzu, Mencius, Augustine, Aquinas on limitations of war.

Just Cause. Self-Defence. Defence of others. Preventive war. Pre-emptive war. Humanitarian Intervention. Sufficient threat. The Russian war on Georgia in 2008. Was the cause just?

Legitimate Authority. The ban of private warfare. The problem of insurgency, national liberation movement and national resistance. The problem of sovereignty. Multitude and Global Empire. The legitimacy of the UN authority. The Westphalian order. The France Libre resistance to German occupation during the WW2. Was authority legitimate?

Good Intentions. The subjectivity of intentions. The possibility of the correspondence of the Just Cause and Good Intentions. The philosophy of good intentions. Augustine and Aquinas. Grotious on good intentions. India’s war on Pakistan in 1971. Were intentions good?
Required readings:

Moral Constraints on War. Principles and Cases. Bruno Coppieters and Nick Fotion (eds.) (Boston and Oxford: Lexington Books, 2002)
Optional readings:

Christopher, Paul. The Ethics of War and Peace: An Introduction to Legal and Moral Issues (Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall, 1999)

Grotius, Hugo. The Law of War and Peace, translated by Francis W. Kelsey (Indianapolis IN, Bobbs-Merrill Co., New York, 1962)

Hardt, Michael and Negri, Antonio. Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (New York: the Penguin Press, 2004)

Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1977)

Johnson, James Turner. Ideology, Reason and the Limitation of War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975)



9. Jus ad Bellum Principles (Proportionality, Last Resort, Reasonable Chance of Success)



The principles of the second layer. The historical background of the principles. The likelihood of success. Hope of Success. The rationality of the principle. The possibility of the rational calculations of success. The case of Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Last resort. Cicero on last resort. The Roman legal practice. Grotius on last resort. Last resort in international law. The problems with the principle. The policy of appeasement. The case study: the appeasement of Germany in 1939.

Proportionality. The relational nature of the principle. The utilitarian justification of the principle. The problems with the principle. The permissive nature of the principle.
Required readings:

Moral Constraints on War. Principles and Cases. Bruno Coppieters and Nick Fotion (eds.) (Boston and Oxford: Lexington Books, 2002)
Optional readings:

Christopher, Paul. The Ethics of War and Peace: An Introduction to Legal and Moral Issues (Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall, 1999)

Grotius, Hugo. The Law of War and Peace, translated by Francis W. Kelsey (Indianapolis IN, Bobbs-Merrill Co., New York, 1962)

Hardt, Michael and Negri, Antonio. Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (New York: the Penguin Press, 2004)

Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1977)

10. Jus in Bello and the possibility of the limited war



Historical Introduction. The militaristic background of the Jus in Bello. The norms of honorable warfare in traditional cultures of Greece, Japan and Medieval Europe. The notion of innocence. The periodical restrictions on war in ancient cultures. Olympic games and war. The Battle of Solferino and the beginning of the contemporary humanitarian law. Jean Pictet. The Lieber Code.

Proportionality. The destructive effects of an act of war must not be out of proportion to the object sought. The case of General Belgrano’s sinking by the British during the Folkland engagement.

Discrimination. Non combatant immunity. Chaplains and medical personal as non combatants.

The Hague and Geneva laws. The Fourth Hague Convention of 1907 and the Geneva Conventions of 1929 and 1949. Combatants must accept additional risk to themselves to minimize noncombatant casualties. The case of NATO air strikes in Kosovo.

The Principle of Double Effect. The contradictions of of the principle.

Jus In Bello and Moral Dilemmas of Modern War. The usage of drones. The usage of nonlethal weapons. The rebirth of barbaric practices of warfare. Torture. Targeted killings
Required readings:

Moral Constraints on War. Principles and Cases. Bruno Coppieters and Nick Fotion (eds.) (Boston and Oxford: Lexington Books, 2002)

Jean Pictet. Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law (Dordrecht/Geneva: Martinus Nijhoff and Henry Dunant Institute, 1985)


Optional readings:

Christopher, Paul. The Ethics of War and Peace: An Introduction to Legal and Moral Issues (Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall, 1999)

Coates, Anthony J. The Ethics of War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997)

Grotius, Hugo. The Law of War and Peace, translated by Francis W. Kelsey (Indianapolis IN, Bobbs-Merrill Co., New York, 1962)



The Laws of War. Constraints on Warfare in the Western World, Michael Howard, George J. Andreopoulos and Mark R. Shulman (ed.) (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994)

Keen, Maurice Hugh, The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages (London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1965)

Tirman, John The Deaths of others. The Fate of Civilians in American Wars (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011)

Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1977)

A lengthy debate on this problem has been taking place in the Journal of Military Ethics. See, for example: Kashnikov, Boris. ‘Rational Pilont at the Unjust War’ in Journal of Military Ethics. Volume 1, Issue 2, 2002

11. The private military companies



The Corporate Warriors. The emergence of private military industry in early 1990s. The tremendous rise of the private military industry. Black Water, Executive Outcomes, MPRI as the examples of the most successful companies.

The Private Military Companies and the Principles of Jus ad Bellum. The case study of MPRI operation in Croatia (operation “Storm”). The case of assisting Columbian drug dealers. There are certain principles (Proportionality, Reasonable Chance of Success) which would be most likely respected by the PMC.

The PMC and Jus in Bello. Very unlikely the respect of this principles by the PMC.

The PMC and Human Rights. The case study of MPRI in Iraq. DynCorp in Bosnia, human trafficking and drug dealings. The case of Abu-Greib.

The PMC and a New Face of War. PMC and corruption. The PMC and the coming of Post Modernity. The decline of the military virtues.

Conclusions. The double edged sward of the PMC. The inevitability of the further development of the PMC and the decline in the moral standards.
Required readings:

Singer, Peter. Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry (Ithaca, N.Y. - London: Cornell University Press, 2003)


Optional readings:

Avant, Deborah D. The Market of Force. The Consequence of Privatizing Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)

Hedahl, M. Blood and Blackwaters: A Call for Arms for the Profession of Arms // Journal of Military Ethics. Volume 8, Issue 1 (2009)

Holmqvist, Caroline. Private Security Companies: The Case for Regulation (Stockholm: SIPRI, 2005)

Krishman, Armin. War as Business. Technological Change and Military Service Contracting. (Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing, 2008)

Kinsey, Christopher. Corporate Soldiers and International Security. The rise of private military companies (London: Routledge, 2006

Tracey, James. The Rise of Merchant Empires (New York: Cambridge University Press,1990)

Mandel, Robert. Armies without States: The Privatization of Security (London: Lynne Rienner, 2002)

Percy, Sarah. Mercenaries. The History of a Norm in International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007)

12. Arms control and disarmament. Russian international treaties



Required readings:

Optional readings:

13. Nuclear Policy and non-proliferation



Required readings:

Optional readings:

14. Case Studies

Bangladesh. Vietnam. Israel. Kosovo, Chechnya. Iraq. Afghanistan. Georgia. The War on Terror. The normative analysis of these and some other wars will follow. The levels of analysis:



        1. International and domestic law level. What treaties and norms, if any, have been violated by the use of violence?

        2. Customs and traditions. What customary rules and traditions, if any, have been violated by the use of violence?

        3. Ethical level. What ethical justification, if any, have been violated by the use of violence?

        4. Moral level. What moral principles if any, have been violated by the use of violence?



Required readings:

Moral Constraints on War. Principles and Cases. Bruno Coppieters and Nick Fotion (eds.) (Boston and Oxford: Lexington Books, 2002)
Optional readings:

Ignatieff, Michael. Warrior’s Honor. Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997)

Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1977)

Elstain, Jean Bethke. Just War Against Terror. The Burden of American Power in a Violent World (New York: Basic Boos, 2013)





  1. Teaching Methods and Recommendations

The course requires a lot of readings for every weekly class meetings. The basic textbook for the class will be “Moral Constraints on War. Principles and Cases”. Bruno Coppieters and Nick Fotion (eds.) (Boston and Oxford: Lexington Books, 2002). The books does not cover all the topics although. Anyway I will recommend to read the whole book in terms of the first two weeks at the latest. It will help to understand the course and to write your essay.





    1. The tentative topics of the essays

What is violence?

Is eternal peace possible?

Can war be justified?

Why nations fight?

How can we deal with mercenaries?

What is Private Military Company? A good or an evil?

Can terrorism be just?

Is war always absolute?

The war in Georgia. Was it Justified?

Is it possible to constrain war?

How real is realism?


    1. The tentative topics and structure of the research papers

Each research paper is supposed to be a full scale normative analysis of this or that military conflict. You may choose any war or military conflict of the past or present. 20 thousand characters are due. The analysis must include the following:


        1. The statement of normative position, which may be Pacifism, Militarism, Just War Theory, Necessary War Doctrine, Realism or whatever.

        2. The domestic law level of analysis. What norms of the domestic legislations, if any, were violated?

        3. The international law level of analysis. What norms of the international law, if any, were violated?

        4. The moral level of analysis. Jus ad Bellum. The Jus ad Bellum principles: Were intentions good? Was the authority legitimate? Was the cause rightful? Was it the last resort? Was there a reasonable chance of success? Was it a proportional to the threat?

        5. The moral level of analysis. Jus in Bello. Was the war constrained? Were the principles of discrimination and proportionality (in bello) respected?

        6. The prudence level of analysis. Was it possible to prevent the conflict? Who, if anyone, could do it?

Both, the topic of the essay and the research paper should be coordinated with the course instructor.



  1. Grading

The current work will be graded based on the effort and quality of the presentations at class. The quality of the essays will be graded too based on both the quality of the text and the ability to present orally. The quality of the research paper will be evaluated. The final exam will be based on the student presentation of one of the 15 topics of the content of the course.



  1. The pattern of forming the final grade

O stands for “grade”. The final grade Ofinal will be formed based on the results of the final oral exam (Oexam) and accumulated grade (Oacc). The accumulated grade (Oacc) in its turn is formed of three parts, namely ( research paper (Opaper), essay (Oessay)and current class work work (Ocurrent). Current class work will be evaluated based on participation – 20%, activity in the debates – 30%, homework – 30%.

The formula for the accumulated grade is the following


Oacc = 0,5 Ocurrent + 0,2 Oessay + 0,3 Opaper
The formula for the final grade is the following
Ofinal = 0,6 Oacc + 0,4 Oexam



  1. Reading and Materials



    1. Textbooks and Readers

Moral Constraints on War. Principles and Cases. Bruno Coppieters and Nick Fotion (eds.) (Boston and Oxford: Lexington Books, 2002). Electronic version will be provided

    1. Required Reading and Optional Reading

See the course description, after each topic you will find it



  1. Equipment

Over head projector will be needed for each lecture.


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