Handbook for the Implementation of
Occupational Standards in the
Explosives Sector
Handbook for the
Implementation of
Occupational Standards
in the Explosives Sector
Published by EUExcert and downloadable free
of charge from:
http://www.euexcert.org
http://iexpe.org/
This handbook is copyright protected by the following:
"Copyright 2017, KCEM AB, Saab Bofors Test Center AB, Picrite Ltd, Dresdner Sprengschule GmbH,
Tallinna Tehnikaulikool, Universidade de Coimbra, G.J.R. – Pirotecnia e Explosivos SA, Event Horizon
Ltd, Voglers Eesti OÜ and Maxam Deutschland. This work is protected under international copyright
laws. The content of the handbook is not allowed to be amended/changed but it´s free to copy and
distribute, provided it is properly referenced.”
Views and suggestions for improvement of the Handbook are gratefully accepted at:
KCEM AB
Gammelbackavagen 1
SE-691 51 Karlskoga
Sweden
Email:
kcem@kcem.se
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Erasmus+ Programme for Strategic
Partnership Vocational Training under Grant Agreement No. 2014-1-SE01-KA202-001030.
We are most grateful to the EUExImp project partners for their unflagging interest in the project,
their commitment of time, effort, funding and good humour throughout the project and, of course,
for their contribution to this handbook and the step-by-step guide that accompanies it. The partners
were:
Erik Nilsson, KCEM AB – Project Leader
Ken Cross, PICRITE Ltd – Technical Adviser and lead author
Reimund Göder, MAXAM Deutschland GmBH
José Carlos Góis, University of Coimbra
Tom Goodman, Event Horizon Limited
Stefan Krol, SAAB Bofors Test Center
Jörg Rennert, Dresdner Sprengschule GmBH
António Rodrigues, GJR Pirotecnica e Explosivos SA
Tõnu Tomberg, Tallinn Technical University
Viive Tuuna, Voglers Eesti OÜ
Ingo Valgma, Tallinn Technical University
We could not have written this book without the support and advice of Denise Clarke of Homeland
Security Qualifications and her permission to use many extracts from her published papers.
Erik Jakobsson of APEL AB for providing external quality assurance of the project and, incidentally, a
driver for deadlines.
ii
FOREWORD
Competence is widely recognised as a key element of safety in the explosives industry, yet ‘human
error’ remains a significant factor in explosives-related accidents around the world.
SAFEX International
1
is a non-profit, membership- based, organization which is headquartered in
Switzerland. SAFEX’s purpose is to eliminate the harmful effects of explosives on People, Property
and the Planet (Environment) by encouraging Members to learn from each other’s experiences.
These experiences are taken from all stages of the explosives life cycle including the design,
development, manufacture, storage, distribution, use and disposal/recycling of explosives products.
In 2016, they shared details of some 13 incidents with their members, some of which clearly have
human factors in the chain of events leading to the incident. This is a selection of some of the
incidents reported:
The Small Arms Survey
2
, a Geneva-based small arms and armed violence research centre, informs us
that there were at least 47 fatalities and 90 injuries due to unplanned explosions in 2016, which
were due to a variety of causes
3
, many of which have human factors as the root cause or
contributory factor.
Figure 2. Unplanned Explosions in Munitions Sites – 2016 (Small Arms Survey)
1
https://www.safex-international.org/
2
http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/home.html
3
Cause codes:
2 – Inappropriate storage systems and infrastructure
4 – Failure to take into account external, environmental influences and events
5 – Poor security
6 – Cause undetermined or unrecorded (at the time of writing)
Year Month
Day
Country
Location
Fatalities
Injuries
Production
2016 June
4
USA
Sterling
0
0
Detonators
2016 May
16
Australia
Mulwala
0
2
RDX
2016 September 10
Chile
Antofagasta
2
Emulsion
2016 October
13
Brazil
Cruzeiro
1
1
Lead Azide
2017 March
2
Poland
Krupski
Młyn
1
2
Nitro esters
2017 May
7
Sweden
Gyttorp
1
Detonators
Figure 1. SAFEX incident reports
iii
This handbook should be of interest to anyone who has a desire to define or measure the
competence of individuals in the explosives industry. The Occupational Standards and processes
described in the handbook can be used in qualifications or as management tools, in training
development or delivery, the handbook has something for most people in the explosives industry.
Whether you or your organisation is a training provider, individual candidate, organisation seeking
qualifications or another way of measuring competence of explosives-workers in the workplace, a
regulator or other interested party, there is useful information here for you.
The handbook is intended to provide the reader with the how and why of implementing
Occupational Standards for Explosives, Munitions and Search Occupations. The ‘how’ is succinctly
demonstrated through the associated ‘Step-by-Step Guide to the Implementation of Occupational
Standards’. The ‘why’ is demonstrated through the case studies of each of the ‘industry partners’ in
the EUExImp project.
ENDORSEMENTS:
Estonia
Mr Rein Voog
Chairman of the Board of Estonian Association of Mining Enterprises
Germany
Jörg Rennert
President of German Association of Shotfirers and Explosives Engineers
Portugal
José Leandro Andrade Campos
President of Annual Assembly of AP3E - Portuguese Association of Studies and Engineering
of Explosives
Sweden
Dan Hellkvist
Chairman of the Board, KCEM AB
United Kingdom
Dave Welch
President, Institute of Explosives Engineers
United States
Jackson Shaver PhD
Director of Pyrotechnic Processes, Special Devices Inc.
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