Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis
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Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis Cross of Gold by William Jennings Bryan New York City Tenement Life, 1890 Lincoln Steffens From The Shame of the Cities New York Fire Kills 148: Girl Victims Leap to Death from Factory Chicago Sunday Tribune, March 26, 1911, p. 1 Excerpt from How the Other Half Lives, by Jacob Riis Richard Croker on Tamm INTRODUCTION TO THE COURT OPINION ON THE PLESSY V. FERGUSON CASE Tammany Hall, 1892 Mr. Coal Rockefeller Interview The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 Jane Addams, "First Days at Hull-House," 1910 The Condemned-Meat Industry, 1906 Alfred T. Mahan on Sea Power, 1890 ALBERT SHAW: The Blowing Up of the Maine The Destruction of the Battleship U.S.S. Maine FIRST OPEN DOOR NOTE Chinese Exclusion Act The White Man's Burden By Rudyard Kipling 19 August, 1914 President Wilson's Declaration of Neutrality The First Lusitania Note to Germany 19 April, 1916 Wilson on the Sussex Case U-boats and the Zimmerman Note President Woodrow Wilson's War Message The Espionage Act of May 16, 1918 Letters of Black Migrants in the Chicago Defender, 1916-1918 Fighting to Death for the Bible, 1925 How I learned to Drive a Model-T THE VOLSTEAD ACT Freedom of Opinion? CHICAGOANS CHEER TAR WHO SHOT MAN Sailor Wounds Pageant Spectator Disrespectful to Flag. Sacco and Vanzetti Last Statement of Bartolomeo Vanzetti, 1929 Woman and the New Race, 1921 Special Message to the Congress on the Economic Recovery Program Franklin D. Roosevelt The First Inaugural Address Franklin Delano Roosevelt's First Fireside Chat Letters From the "Forgotten Man" to Mrs. Roosevelt, 1934 Huey P. Long: Share Our Wealth Atlantic Charter THE FOUR FREEDOMS Franklin D. Roosevelt's Day of Infamy Speech Korematsu v. United States, 1944 G.I. Japyank, 1944 Executive Order No. 9066 Japanese Relocation Order African American Fighter Pilots, 1941-1943 Letter from Albert Einstein to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt about the possible construction of nuclear bombs. Leaflets Dropped On Cities In Japan A Warning to Japan Urging Surrender Harry S. Truman on the Bombing of Hiroshima, 1945 The GI Bill, 1944 The Kennan Telegram, 1946 The Marshall Plan (1947) The Truman Doctrine "Strike Against Jackie Spiked," 1947 The Six Thousand Houses That Levitt Built, 1948 Motion of J. Strom Thurmond, Governor of South Carolina, at Southern Governors’ Conference, Wakulla Springs Lodge, Wakulla Springs, FL, February 7, 1948 Senator Joseph McCarthy, Speech at Wheeling, West Virginia, 1950 Southern Manifesto, 1956 National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (1956) Pravda Sputnik (press release) 1957 U.S. Reaction To Sputnik EXECUTIVE ORDER 9981 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (USSC+) EXECUTIVE ORDER 10730 By President Dwight D. Eisenhower Ending segregation in Little Rock's Central High School John F. Kennedy: Inaugural Address, Jan 20, 1961 Yuri Gagarin President Kennedy's Address to the Congress on Urgent National Needs May 25, 1961 President John F. Kennedy: Cuban Missile Crisis Letter from President Kennedy to President Diem Tonkin Gulf Resolution President Johnson's Address to Congress August 8, 1964 War on Poverty, 1964 President Lyndon Johnson: The Great Society Speech Sitting-In In Mississippi, 1963 The Negro as an American Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Letter From Birmingham Jail* April 16, 1963 Lyndon B. Johnson - We Shall Overcome Black Power, 1967 The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose The Miranda Warning Earth Day, 1970 Roe v. Wade January 22, 1973 A PAGE FROM THE LIFE OF CESAR CHAVEZ Vietnam Veterans Against the War Statement by John Kerry to the Senate Foreign Relations Cmt. Peace With Honor" President Nixon re: initialing of the Vietnam Agreement Articles of Impeachment Adopted by the Committee on the Judiciary July 27, 1974 Richard Nixon's Resignation August 8, 1974 American Hostages in Iran, 1979 Gas Fever, 1979 Jimmy Carter's Malaise Speech, 1979 RONALD REAGAN'S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS (1981) Lester Thurow, "How to Wreck the Economy," 1981 Ronald Reagan: Evil Empire Speech, June 8, 1982 George Bush on the Persian Gulf War, 1991 he New World Order, 1989 President Clinton's Oklahoma City Bombing Speech "The Era of Big Government is Over," 1996 Text of articles of impeachment: William Jefferson Clinton Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation on September 11th 2001 Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People United States Capitol Washington, D.C. Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis In 1890 the U.S. Census Bureau had proclaimed the frontier closed. Frederick Jackson Turner, a University of Wisconsin historian, saw great significance in this and in 1893 propounded his now-famous "frontier thesis" before the American Historical Association: Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West. The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward explain American development.
practical and inventive turn of mind...[full of] restless and nervous energy... that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom....
premium on social organization; while social conditions crystallized back East, the West produced the world's first authentically free man. Turner was idealistic about the West. In his "Contributions of the West to American democracy," he said, The paths of the pioneers have widened into broad highways. The forest clearing has expanded into affluent commonwealths. Let us see to it that the ideals of the pioneer in his log cabin shall enlarge into the spiritual life of a democracy where civic power shall dominate and utilize individual achievement for the common good. The Turner thesis contrasted sharply with a historical orthodoxy dominated by the Eastern seaboard's perspective. This consensus viewed America's European past as definitive; America was Europe transplanted. Turner's rebuttal "clothed the frontier experience in a new dignity." The closing of the frontier marked the end of the first chapter of American history, Turner claimed. Democracy, nationalism and individualism had been engendered.
War as the prospect of out-migration was put beyond the reach of urban slum-dwellers and others because of a lack of funds for farming and transportation. In fact, most later settlers, sons of farmers, arrived from the fringes of existing settlements.
according to historian Alan Brinkley. Public land was still abundant. Nevertheless, the idea of the passing of the frontier remains a powerful statement of one historian's perspective.
criticism, the frontier thesis has had lasting appeal. -John W. Quinn Cross of Gold by William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" Speech July 9, 1896, at the Democratic National Convention, Chicago Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention: I would be presumptuous, indeed, to present myself against the distinguished gentlemen to whom you have listened if this were a mere measuring of abilities; but this is not a contest between persons. The humblest citizen in all the land, when clad in the armor of a righteous cause, is stronger than all the hosts of error. I come to speak to you in defense of a cause as holy as the cause of liberty--the cause of humanity. .... Never before in the history of this country has there been witnessed such a contest as that through which we have just passed. Never before in the history of American politics has a great issue been fought out as this issue has been, by the voters of a great party. .... With a zeal approaching the zeal which inspired the crusaders who followed Peter the hermit, our silver Democrats went forth from victory unto victory until they are now assembled, not to discuss, not to debate, but to enter up the judgment already rendered by the plain people of this country. In this contest brother has been arrayed against brother, father against son. the warmest ties of love, acquaintance and association have been disregarded; old leaders have been cast aside when they have refused to give expression to the sentiments of those whom they would lead, and new leaders have sprung up to give direction to the cause of truth. Thus has the contest been waged, and we have assembled here under as binding and solemn instructions as were ever imposed upon representatives of the people. .... The gentleman who preceded me (ex-Governor Russell) spoke of the State of Massachusetts; let me assure him that not one present in all this convention entertains the least hostility to the people of the State of Massachusetts, but we stand here representing people who are the equals, before the law, of the greatest citizens in the State of Massachusetts. When you [turning to the gold delegates] come before us and tell us that we are about to disturb your business interests, we reply that you have disturbed our business interests by your course. We say to you that you have made the definition of a business man too limited in its application. The man who is employed for wages is as much a business man as his employer; the attorney in a country town is as much a business man as the corporation counsel in a great metropolis; the merchant at the cross-roads store is as much a business man as the merchant of New York; the farmer who goes forth in the morning and toils all day--who begins in the spring and toils all summer--and who by the application of brain and muscle to the natural resources of the country creates wealth, is as much a business man as the man who goes upon the board of trade and bets upon the price of grain; the miners who go down a thousand feet into the earth, or climb two thousand feet upon the cliffs, and bring forth from their hiding places the precious metals to be poured into the channels of trade are as much business men as the few financial magnates who, in a back room, corner the money of the world. We come to speak for this broader class of business men. Ah, my friends, we say not one word against those who live upon the Atlantic coast, but the hardy pioneers who have braved all the dangers of the wilderness, who have made the desert to blossom as the rose--the pioneers away out there [pointing to the West], who rear their children near to Nature's heart, where they can mingle their voices with the voices of the birds--out there where they have erected schoolhouses for the education of their young, churches where they praise their Creator, and cemeteries where rest the ashes of their dead--these people, we say, are as deserving of the consideration of our party as any people in this country. It is for these that we speak. We do not come as aggressors. Our war is not a war of conquest; we are fighting in the defense of our homes, our families, and posterity. We have petitioned, and our petitions have been scorned; we have entreated, and our entreaties have been disregarded; we have begged, and they have mocked when our calamity came. We beg no longer; we entreat no more; we petition no more. We defy them. The gentleman from Wisconsin [Senator Vilas] has said that he fears a Robespierre. My friends, in this land of the free you need not fear that a tyrant will spring up from among the people. What we need is an Andrew Jackson to stand, as Jackson stood, against the encroachments of organized wealth. They tell us that this platform was made to catch votes. We reply to them that changing conditions make new issues; that the principles upon which Democracy rests are as everlasting as the hills, but that they must be applied to new conditions as they arise. Conditions have arisen, and we are here to meet those conditions. They tell us that the income tax ought not to be brought in here; that it is a new idea. They criticize us for our criticism of the Supreme Court of the United States. My friends, we have not criticized; we have simply called attention to what you already know. If you want criticisms, read the dissenting opinions of the court. There you will find criticisms. They say that we passed an unconstitutional law; we deny it. The income tax law was not unconstitutional when it was passed; it was not unconstitutional when it went before the Supreme Court for the first time; it did not become unconstitutional until one of the judges changed his mind, and we cannot be expected to know when a judge will change his mind. The income tax is just. It simply intends to put the burdens of government justly upon the backs of the people. I am in favor of an income tax. When I find a man who is not willing to bear his share of the burdens of the government which protects him, I find a man who is unworthy to enjoy the blessings of a government like ours. They say that we are opposing national bank currency; it is true. If you will read what Thomas Benton said, you will find he said that, in searching history, he could find but one parallel to Andrew Jackson; that was Cicero, who destroyed the conspiracy of Cataline and saved Rome. Benton said that Cicero only did for Rome what Jackson did for us when he destroyed the bank conspiracy and saved America. We say in our platform that we believe that the right to coin and issue money is a function of government. We believe it. We believe that it is a part of sovereignty, and can no more with safety be delegated to private individuals than we could afford to delegate to private individuals the power to make penal statutes or levy taxes. Mr. Jefferson, who was once regarded as good Democratic authority, seems to have differed in opinion from the gentleman who has addressed us on the part of the minority. Those who are opposed to this proposition tell us that the issue of paper money is a function of the bank, and that the Government ought to go out of the banking business. I stand with Jefferson rather than with them, and tell them, as he did, that the issue of money is a function of government, and that the banks ought to go out of the governing business. They complain about the plank which declares against life tenure in office. They have tried to strain it to mean that which it does not mean. What we oppose by that plank is the life tenure which is being built up in Washington, and which excludes from participation in official benefits the humbler members of society. Let me call your attention to two or three important things. The gentleman from New York says that he will propose an amendment to the platform providing that the proposed change in our monetary system shall not affect contracts already made. Let me remind you that there is no intention of affecting those contracts which according to present laws are made payable in gold; but if he means to say that we cannot change our monetary system without protecting those who have loaned money before the change was made, I desire to ask him where, in law or in morals, he can find justification for not protecting the debtors when the act of 1873 was passed, if he now insists that we must protect the creditors. He says he will also propose an amendment which will provide for the suspension of free coinage if we fail to maintain the parity within a year. We reply that when we advocate a policy which we believe will be successful, we are not compelled to raise a doubt as to our own sincerity by suggesting what we shall do if we fail. I ask him, if he would apply his logic to us, why he does not apply it to himself. He says he wants this country to try to secure an international agreement. Why does he not tell us what he is going to do if he fails to secure an international agreement? There is more reason for him to do that than there is for us to provide against the failure to maintain the parity. Our opponents have tried for twenty years to secure an international agreement, and those are waiting for it most patiently who do not want it at all. And now, my friends, let me come to the paramount issue. If they ask us why it is that we say more on the money question than we say upon the tariff question, I reply that, if protection has slain its thousands, the gold standard has slain its tens of thousands. If they ask us why we do not embody in our platform all the things that we believe in, we reply that when we have restored the money of the Constitution all other necessary reforms will be possible; but that until this is done there is no other reform that can be accomplished. Why is it that within three months such a change has come over the country? Three months ago, when it was confidently asserted that those who believe in the gold standard would frame our platform and nominate our candidates, even the advocates of the gold standard did not think that we could elect a president. And they had good reason for their doubt, because there is scarcely a State here today asking for the gold standard which is not in the absolute control of the Republican party. But note the change. Mr. McKinley was nominated at St. Louis upon a platform which declared for the maintenance of the gold standard until it can be changed into bimetallism by international agreement. Mr. McKinley was the most popular man among the Republicans, and three months ago everybody in the Republican party prophesied his election. How is it today? Why, the man who was once pleased to think that he looked like Napoleon--that man shudders today when he remembers that he was nominated on the anniversary of the battle of Waterloo. Not only that, but as he listens he can hear with ever-increasing distinctness the sound of the waves as they beat upon the lonely shores of St. Helena. Why this change? Ah, my friends, is not the reason for the change evident to any one who will look at the matter? No private character, however pure, no personal popularity, however great, can protect from the avenging wrath of an indignant people a man who will declare that he is in favor of fastening the gold standard upon this country, or who is willing to surrender the right of self-government and place the legislative control of our affairs in the hands of foreign potentates and powers. We go forth confident that we shall win. Why? Because upon the paramount issue of this campaign there is not a spot of ground upon which the enemy will dare to challenge battle. If they tell us that the gold standard is a good thing, we shall point to their platform and tell them that their platform pledges the party to get rid of the gold standard and substitute bimetallism. If the gold standard is a good thing, why try to get rid of it? I call your attention to the fact that some of the very people who are in this convention today and who tell us that we ought to declare in favor of international bimetallism--thereby declaring that the gold standard is wrong and that the principle of bimetallism is better--these very people four months ago were open and avowed advocates of the gold standard, and were then telling us that we could not legislate two metals together, even with the aid of all the world. If the gold standard is a good thing, we ought to declare in favor of its retention and not in favor of abandoning it; and if the gold standard is a bad thing why should we wait until other nations are willing to help us to let go? Here is the line of battle, and we care not upon which issue they force the fight; we are prepared to meet them on either issue or on both. If they tell us that the gold standard is the standard of civilization, we reply to them that this, the most enlightened of all the nations of the earth, has never declared for a gold standard and that both the great parties this year are declaring against it. If the gold standard is the standard of civilization, why, my friends, should we not have it? If they come to meet us on that issue we can present the history of our nation. More than that; we can tell them that they will search the pages of history in vain to find a single instance where the common people of any land have ever declared themselves in favor of the gold standard. They can find where the holders of the fixed investments have declared for a gold standard, but not where the masses have. Mr. Carlisle said in 1878 that this was a struggle between "the idle holders of idle capital" and "the struggling masses, who produce the wealth and pay the taxes of the country;" and, my friends, the question we are to decide is: Upon which side will the Democratic party fight; upon the side of "the idle holders of idle capital" or upon the side of "the struggling masses?" That is the question which the party must answer first, and then it must be answered by each individual hereafter. The sympathies of the Democratic party, as shown by the platform, are on the side of the struggling masses who have ever been the foundation of the Democratic party. There are two ideas of government. There are those who believe that, if you will only legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea, however, has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous, their prosperity will find its way up through every class which rests upon them. You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard; we reply that the great cities rest upon our broad and fertile prairies. Burn down your cities and leave our farms, and your cities will spring up again as if by magic; but destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country. My friends, we declare that this nation is able to legislate for its own people on every question, without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation on earth; and upon that issue we expect to carry every State in the Union. I shall not slander the inhabitants of the fair State of Massachusetts nor the inhabitants of the State of New York by saying that, when they are confronted with the proposition, they will declare that this nation is not able to attend to its own business. It is the issue of 1776 over again. Our ancestors, when but three millions in number, had the courage to declare their political independence of every other nation; shall we, their descendants, when we have grown to seventy millions, declare that we are less independent than our forefathers? No, my friends, that will never be the verdict of our people. Therefore, we care not upon what lines the battle is fought. If they say bimetallism is good, but that we cannot have it until other nations help us, we reply that, instead of having a gold standard because England has, we will restore bimetallism, and then let England have bimetallism because the United States has it. If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. Yüklə 1,08 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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