Arthur
Overview - Stone Age – Bronze Age
- Celtic conquest
- Roman conquest
- Anglo-Saxon invasion & origin of England
- Retreat of Roman-Britains
- Geoffrey of Monmouth (12th century)
- Chrétien de Troyes’ romances. Introduces Lancelot, Perceval, Camelot, and the grail, not the “Holy Grail.” (12th century)
- Sir Thomas Malory (15th century)
- Alfred, Lord Tennyson (19th century) / Pre-Raphaelite Art
- Mary Stewart, Rosemary Sutcliff, Marian Zimmer Bradley (20th century)
4700 – 2000 BCE 2200 – 700 BCE
The Celts 500 BCE - 400 CE
Celtic Hill forts
Celtic Religion Druidism (Merlin) Worship out-of-doors Magic and supernatural Gaelic Fertility festivals:
Celtic Iron Age Science of metalurgy wizardry
Roman Britain 55 BCE; 43 – 410 CE Advanced civilization – high standard of living Pax romana
Hadrian’s Wall
Artorius Dux bellorum Sarmatian cavalry of 6th Legion Lucius Artorius Castus
Saxon invasions 400 – 600 CE Scotti (Irish), Picts, Saxons Collapse of civilization Time for a hero
Retreat of the Red Dragon people
Dragon-Slayers: St. George and Beowulf Anglo-Saxon view English legends
Blackout in historical record - Gildas (c. 540)
- Bede (731)
- Nennius (c. 800)
Oral Tradition written Texts Breton (Less Britain, Brittany, Armorica) emigres Irish, Cornish, and Welsh bards, French jongleurs 12th century written texts: - Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of Britain
- Mabinogion
- Chrétien de Troyes’s Knight of the Cart, etc.
- Marie de France’s lais
Geoffrey of Monmouth: History of the Kings of Britain (1136)
Chrétien de Troyes’ romances Court of Countess Marie de Champagne, daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine (1160-1181) Courtly Love Introduces Lancelot, Perceval, Camelot, and the grail, not the “Holy Grail.” (12th century)
Sir Thomas Malory: Le Morte Darthur (1485)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Idylls of the King (1859) Inspiration for Pre-Raphaelite art “The Lady of Shalott”
T. H. White: The Once and Future King (1958) Comedy with serious political implications in post-WWII era Basis for Disney’s The Sword in the Stone and Lerner and Loewe’s Camelot
Contemporary Novels Sword at Sunset (1963) The Crystal Cave, The Hollow Hills, The Last Enchantment (1979), and The Wicked Day (1983) by Mary Stewart The Mists of Avalon (1982)
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