Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany Spodek: 687-690



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Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany

  • Spodek: 687-690


Why the Nazis could rise to power in Germany

  • Defeat in World War I

  • Versailles Treaty—England and France “Stabbed Germany in the Back”

  • Great Depression: High Employment, Low Profits, People Lose Savings

  • German Military Tradition: Frederick the Great—Prussia; Otto Von Bismarck—Unified Germany; Luddendorf; Hindenburg

  • Anti-Semitism—Jews as Scapegoats: “Had all the jobs”; “Controlled Politics”; “Had all the money” (None of the above was true but it didn’t matter)



Adolph Hitler

  • Emblematic of German Problem:

    • Only success came in war—won a minor medal
    • Believed that Germany “stabbed in the back”
    • Germany should have won the war
    • Unemployed after the war—no jobs
    • Couldn’t get into art school—claimed only Jews got in. He had no artistic talent
    • Formed a paramilitary group to substitute for Germany Army—National Socialists


Adolph Hitler (continued)

  • Hitler promised Germans:

    • Stability
    • Jobs
    • To be Proud Again
    • To Reverse the Versailles Treaty
    • To End “Weak” Democracy
    • To “Get Rid of” the Jews
    • Lebenstraum— “Living Space for Germans”


Fascism

  • Nation comes first

  • Against Liberalism and Liberal Institutions

  • Irrational Politics—Emphasize Street Fighting

    • SA Storm Troopers (Ernst Rohm)—they wanted to get rid of Nazi’s enemies. They were called the “Brown shirts”
    • SS—Schutzstaffel (Heinrich Himmler)—they were called the black shirts.


Key Dates

  • October 1929—Great Depression

  • Summer-Fall 1932 –German Elections: Nazis win a majority: 230; Socialists 133, Center 97, Communists 89

    • The main points: Nazis won 42% of the vote; no center; Nazi’s powerful but can’t form government.


Key Dates Continued

  • President Hindenburg Names Hitler Chancellor in January 30, 1933.

  • Street Violence

  • February 27 Reichstag Fire—Legislature Building Burns Down

  • March 5 New Elections: Nazis 288; Nationalists 52; Center 74; Socialists 120; Communists 81; Others 23—Nazis win only 44% of vote

  • March 23, 1933—Reichstag passes (with huge majority) the Enabling Act which made Hitler dictator until April 1, 1937



The Nazi Revolution

  • June 30 “Night of the long knives” – Nazis kill 77 people, mostly high ranking SA members—Ernst Roehm, Gregor Strasser

  • August 1 Law combining President and Chancellor

  • August 2 Death of President von Hindenburg

  • August 19 Plebiscite approves Hitler as President with 88% voting yes



1936-1937 Four Year Plan

  • War materials

  • Industrialization

  • Autobahn

  • VW

  • Daimler-Benz

  • General Motors

  • Ford



Racism in Nazi Germany

  • Belief German “Aryan” Race Master Race

    • Jews inferior
    • Slavs inferior
    • Gypsies inferior
    • Eugenics-Social Darwinism run amok
  • 1935 Nuremberg Laws

    • Identify Jews (with Yellow Star
    • Deprive Jews of Citizenship
    • Allows only so many Jews in specific jobs
    • Outlaw marriage and sex between Jews and non-Jews


9 of November 1938

  • Night of Broken Glass or Kristallnacht

    • In response to assassination of German diplomat in Paris:
      • Nazis set synagogues on fire
      • Broke Jewish shop windows
      • Beat up Jews—91 killed; thousands injured
      • Confiscated Jewish property
      • Jews forbidden to collect insurance
      • 20,000+ Jews sent to concentration camp


Why Hitler?

  • War Vets—Hated Government for Losing the War

  • Middle Class—Ruined by Inflation, Depression

  • Workers—Unemployed

  • Industrialists—Hated Socialist Labor Struggle

  • More than economy/defeat:

    • Emphasized a cult of war, physical danger, sexuality, future, speed, a “new life”
    • Airplanes, car, radio


Goebbels and Riefenstahl

  • Goebbels was the Chief Propaganda Officer. He promoted radios. By 1942, Germany had 23 million radios

  • Leni Riefenstahl was Hitler’s filmmaker. “Triumph of Will” and “Olympiad”



Hitler’s Road to War

  • March 1938—Annexed Austria

  • 1938 German minority in Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)

  • September 1938– “Munich Crisis”

    • Appeasement
    • Chamberlain— “There will be peace in our Time”
  • Spring 1939 Annexed all of Czechoslovakia

  • Summer 1939—Nazi-Soviet “Non Aggression Pact”



World War II in Europe

  • 1 September 1939 Nazis invade Poland

  • 3 of September 1939 England, France declare war on Germany

  • Hitler defeats Poland in a month

  • “Phony War” (September 1939- May 1940)

  • May 1940 Germany invades the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France

  • “Battle of Britain”

  • 22 of June 1941 Germany invades Soviet Union.

  • 1941 First Extermination Camp Created



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