Inter-Agency Rapid Needs Assessment
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- IRNA Report: Mandeng, Nasir County, Upper Nile
- Food Security and Livelihoods (FSL)
- Non-Food Items and Emergency Shelter (NFIES)
- Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
- “Initial Rapid Needs Assessment”.
- Rapid
- Cluster Name Organization Email Phone FSL
- NFIES, WASH
- CCCM
| Inter-Agency Rapid Needs Assessment http://southsudan.humanitarianresponse.info/
IRNA Report: Mandeng, Nasir County, Upper Nile 20-21 May 2014
Situation overview From 20 to 21 May 2014, an inter-agency team representing seven of the clusters operating in South Sudan conducted an Initial Rapid Needs Assessment (IRNA) to Mandeng payam in Nasir County, Upper Nile State. IDPs in the area were found to be dispersed and living among the host community. In addition to visiting Mandeng village, team members walked 6 km southeast along the Sobat River, and 6 km northwest in the direction of Nasir town, in order to assess the situation of IDPs reported in different locations near Mandeng. The majority of the IDPs in the area reported that they were displaced during the capture of Nasir town by the SPLA on 4 May. Some of the IDPs had experienced multiple displacements, as they were reportedly from Juba, Malakal or Ulang County originally, and were displaced from those locations to Nasir, and subsequently to Mandeng. The majority of the IDP population observed consisted of women, children and the elderly, and it appeared to the IRNA team that these groups are most vulnerable/ at risk in the current humanitarian crisis. Large numbers of people displaced from Nasir during the 4 May takeover were reported to already have crossed the border to Ethiopia (estimated at 20,000 individuals by 20-21 May), which is only approx. 4 hours walking distance from Mandeng. Interviewees in the assessed communities generally reported feeling safe in the area, as they are protected by a natural barrier of rivers and tributaries to the north and west and a clear route to Ethiopia to the east. It was difficult to gain a definitive understanding of the intentions of the displaced people who have remained in Mandeng, as to whether some would still consider crossing the border into Ethiopia or if they will prefer to stay in Mandeng. The local authorities were not able to provide estimates of the number of IDPs in the area, and it was also difficult for the team to estimate the figure since people have dispersed in several locations among the host communities. IDPs from Nasir town and surrounding payams reportedly fled to different parts of Nasir County. It is assumed that the total number of displaced people could be in the tens of thousands, as Nasir County's most affected and reportedly deserted payams (Kirwang, Ruam and Kuat/Nasir) alone had a population of more than 68,000 (2008 Census) without including the additional population (i.e. IDPs from other locations including Malakal and Ulang) that had come to these payams from other locations before 4 May. At the time of the IRNA, UNKEA was the only humanitarian organisation operating in Mandeng, running the PHCU with minimal staff and supplies. The priorities for a humanitarian response should be life-saving with assistance in food, health, nutrition, emergency shelter and NFIs, WASH and protection. The IRNA team noted that a humanitarian response should go ahead quickly in order to prevent a potential serious deterioration in the conditions of the displaced people, starting with a community service-based response (health, WASH, nutrition, protection), and an immediate verification and registration exercise, and vulnerability screening, for food distribution, emergency shelter and NFIs distribution. The IRNA team further noted that any response should include other areas nearby on the other side of the Sobat River, which reportedly also host IDPs, in order to avoid creation of a pull factor to Mandeng with potential protection concerns as a result. The team also underlined the need to continue to advocate with local authorities to ensure the civilian character of distribution sites and address risks of how the proximity to the frontlines and presence of armed actors may affect a humanitarian response. The IRNA team also suggests the need for immediate assessment to other parts of Nasir County, for instance Kiech Kon, where IDPs were reported, as well as to parts of Ulang County that reportedly remain calm.
IRNA Report: Mandeng, Nasir County, Upper Nile – 20-21 May 2014 | 2
Inter-Agency Rapid Needs Assessment http://southsudan.humanitarianresponse.info/ Site overview IDPs in the open near Mandeng Patients waiting at the Mandeng PHCU Location map
IRNA Report: Mandeng, Nasir County, Upper Nile – 20-21 May 2014 | 3
Inter-Agency Rapid Needs Assessment http://southsudan.humanitarianresponse.info/ Drivers and underlying factors The main driver of displacement of civilian populations to and within Nasir County is the continued conflict in South Sudan, which broke out in December 2013, and quickly spread to the Greater Upper Nile region and elsewhere in the country. The 4 May takeover of Nasir town by the SPLA, considered to be a stronghold of the SPLA/iO, reportedly led to the complete desertion of the town and surrounding payams by all civilians that were staying there. The general pattern of displacement in Nasir County from 4 May until the time of the IRNA has been wide dispersement of people into rural areas, and mixing of the IDPs with host communities, with a reported 20,000 people having crossed the border into Ethiopia as at 20-21 May. Already a stressed and food insecure part of South Sudan, the conflict and resulting displacement within Nasir County have disrupted the seasonal planting and harvest, as well as traditional trade routes, leading to further increase in food insecurity and vulnerability both among IDPs and the host community. The entire Sobat Basin is furthermore very flood-prone during the rainy season, which is beginning, compounding vulnerabilities. It was difficult to gain a definitive understanding of the intentions of the displaced people, as to whether some people still consider crossing the border into Ethiopia or if they will prefer to stay in Mandeng and surrounding areas for the time being. Given the unpredictability of the situation, it may be recommended that any humanitarian assistance should take into consideration that people are likely to continue to need to be mobile in the area. Scope of the crisis and humanitarian profile The geographical area affected by the 4 May takeover of Nasir town extends beyond the scope of the Mandeng IRNA. It was reported to the team by the local authorities and by IDPs that people living in Nasir at the time of the capture of the town were displaced to many different locations within Nasir County, heading east, north and south. Given the unpredictability of the conflict, it is likely that the displacement of people within the entire Nasir County will continue to affect the people within the county in the longer term. Should conditions of return to Nasir town allow IDPs to return there, humanitarian assistance may furthermore be required within Nasir town itself, due to the severe disruption of livelihoods that the conflict has already caused, and also taking into consideration the potential damage done to the town during the capture. The local authorities in Mandeng were not able to provide estimates of the number of IDPs and it was also difficult for the team to estimate the size of the population in need of humanitarian assistance, since people have been dispersed among the host community, over a wide geographical area. It is likely however that the number of IDPs in the entire Nasir County is in the tens of thousands, based on the fact that Nasir town was completely deserted. Status of the population in the affected area It was only possible for the team to assess a small portion of the affected population, due to the patterns of displacement outlined above. It was observed that although Mandeng is quite close to Nasir town and the frontline, the IDPs and host communities generally seem to feel safe and move freely in the immediate area. People are currently surviving on wild foods, fishing, livestock and the little that they can buy from markets across the border in Ethiopia (i.e. those with adequate purchasing power). Provisional IPC findings released on 8 May 2014 show Nasir County to be in Emergency Phase 4. The status of basic services in the area was very poor at the time of the assessment, with UNKEA being the only humanitarian organisation operating in Mandeng, running the PHCU with minimal staff and supplies. The majority of the IDP population observed consisted of women, children and the elderly, and it appeared to the IRNA team that these groups are most vulnerable/ at risk in the current humanitarian crisis. The IDP population has integrated with the host community, living in vacant tukuls along the Sobat River or in open areas. Key response priorities Food Security and Livelihoods (FSL)
General Food Distribution for IDPs and targeted distributions for the host community.
Distribution of fishing equipment to further diversify dietary intake and promote self-reliance.
Livestock experts should also plan a visit to follow-up and investigate on a sudden increase in diseases. Health
Provision of drugs supplies and other emergency equipment.
Scaling up of technical staffing. IRNA Report: Mandeng, Nasir County, Upper Nile – 20-21 May 2014 | 4
Inter-Agency Rapid Needs Assessment http://southsudan.humanitarianresponse.info/
Expansion of health services in the area.
Strengthening of surveillance. Non-Food Items and Emergency Shelter (NFI&ES)
Registration of the IDP population and vulnerable members of the host community to take place as soon as possible followed by prepositioning and distribution of emergency shelter materials and loose NFI items. Nutrition
BSFP distribution to the whole population, and TSFP to MAM (PLW) and MAM (<5yrs).
Deployment of skilled nutrition staff.
Establishment of OTP and SC; construction of space for screening and treatment of MAM and SAM.
Community awareness on Infant and Young child feeding (IYCF).
Micronutrient supplementation (MNP, Vitamin A and Ferrous). Protection
Mainstream protection and monitor risks associated with the proximity of the frontline. Ensure the presence of protection expertise during the provision of multi-sectoral humanitarian response particularly distribution of food.
Advocate for simultaneous responses on both sides of the Sobat in order to avoid risks of river crossing, particularly for vulnerable. If this is not possible, support community organization for safe crossings.
of IDPs and identifying vulnerable groups requiring targeted protection services, including Family Tracing and Reunification (FTR).
Ensure that vulnerable groups such as the elderly and female headed households receive community-support for building shelters.
Carry out vulnerability screening to identify persons requiring specialized support and maintain protection monitoring and dispute settlement mechanisms through IDP leadership arrangement fully involving women.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Prepositioning of WASH items to be done before the rainy season (i.e. jerrycans, buckets, soap and purification tabs) and distribution.
Reparation of the non-functional borehole. Humanitarian access Physical access
Mandeng is reachable by air, river or on foot. The only roads accessible in the area are on the other side of the Sobat River and are unpaved. The cotton soil Mandeng airstrip is located in close proximity to the village. The upper layer of the airstrip is vulnerable to rain, and during the rainy season it will only be suitable for helicopters, and not for fixed-wing aircrafts. The unprotected airstrip has a length of approx. 500-600 metres and a width of approx. 60-70 metres.
Besides the Mandeng airstrip, the other airstrips in Nasir County that would potentially be useable for a humanitarian response to areas under the control of the SPLA/iO at present are in Kiech Kon, Kiir, and Mading.
There are no storage facilities (rubhalls) in Mandeng. Humanitarian access
Authorities in the area have agreed to the HCT Ground Rules for Humanitarian Responses and there was no attempt to prevent the IRNA from visiting any locations, including to areas closer to the frontline. Agreements have been made with the local authorities to ensure that the area remains demilitarized.
The proximity of the frontline will require continuous monitoring to ensure that the civilian nature of the area does not change and that active hostilities do not spread into the payam, during an eventual humanitarian response.
IRNA Report: Mandeng, Nasir County, Upper Nile – 20-21 May 2014 | 5
Inter-Agency Rapid Needs Assessment http://southsudan.humanitarianresponse.info/ Key findings Camp Coordination and Camp Management (CCCM) Key findings
IDPs were observed to be staying with the host community, either in tukuls or in the open. No large congregation of IDPs staying in the open was observed at the time of the visit to Mandeng however.
return to their tukuls, which may cause a problem of further displacement and/or lack of shelter for the IDPs currently occupying those homes. Priorities for immediate humanitarian response
No CCCM intervention recommended at this time, only monitoring of evolving needs and gaps. Food security and livelihoods (FSL) Key findings
In Mandeng and surrounding areas food insecurity is a key challenge at this point in time, primarily attributed to the seasonality, but exacerbated by the inflow of IDPs.
Household dependence has also increased due additional number of household members from IDPs who arrived from Nasir, Ulang and Malakal.
disrupted the second season harvest (March-April). Domestic grain trade flows and imports from neighboring countries have been affected by insecurity along key market corridors and departures of foreign traders (Sudanese, Ethiopian, and Ugandan). Those with adequate purchasing power are travelling long distances to Ethiopia to procure cereals, which are being sold at exuberant prices. The populations that previously depended on trade flows along the Mandeng area are likely to face significant food shortages in the market above average prices.
exhausted the stocks by the time they were displaced again.
Food sources will slightly improve in the coming weeks as the host community will return with the livestock from grazing areas back to the high ground along the Sobat river. Majority of the people are relying on fish, livestock and wild fruit for their survival.
Some livestock diseases were reported in the cattle camps surrounding the Mandeng area. Priorities for immediate humanitarian response
General Food Distributions are recommended for IDPs and targeted distributions for the host community.
Distribution of fishing equipment is also recommended to further diversify dietary intake and promote self- reliance.
Health Key findings
At 8AM a large number of people seeking medical care were observed waiting at the Mandeng PHCU. The Mandeng PHCU is the only health facility serving the area, and some patients have to walk for several hours to reach it; the distance reportedly discouraging some people from seeking medical care, including pregnant women.
Health workers at the Mandeng PHCU reported that the main morbidities in the community are malaria, diarrheal diseases and Acute Respiratory Infections. Reportedly a high number of people in the community are suffering from these medical conditions.
medical doctor and no midwife. The staff reported that the current stock of drugs would not last beyond a further 2 weeks, at a maximum. The PHCU staff reported that they currently have around 70-100 consultations per day. No proper surveillance of any unusual diseases was being done.
IRNA Report: Mandeng, Nasir County, Upper Nile – 20-21 May 2014 | 6
Inter-Agency Rapid Needs Assessment http://southsudan.humanitarianresponse.info/ Priorities for immediate humanitarian response
Provision of drugs supplies and other emergency equipment.
Scaling up of technical staffing, including skilled staff for the management of basic obstetric care.
Geographical expansion of health services in the area.
Strengthening of surveillance. Non-Food Items and Emergency Shelter (NFI&ES) Key findings
IDPs in the Mandeng area are living with the host community. Many IDP households are occupying tukuls left vacant by the host community when the host community made their seasonal movement to the cattle camps, or in some cases fled Mandeng during the takeover of Nasir. Some of the displaced families are staying out in the open.
Due to lack of sufficient shelter among the IDPs it was observed that in some cases more than 10 individuals are staying in a tukul in each compound. This situation is expected to worsen as soon as the rainy season intensifies and the host community members who went to cattle camp begin to return to their homes in Mandeng, which is estimated to be around July.
Most of the households did not manage to grab any belongings when they were fleeing from Nasir as the team was able to observe that many of the IDP households did not possess even basic household goods. In some cases the displaced families are using basic household goods donated by the host community.
There is access to shelter items like poles and grass in some areas (even though they may be a bit far) but the IDPs confirmed to the assessment team that they will be able to gather these shelter materials on their own if they get the tools for this.
Registration of the IDP population and vulnerable groups among the host community (especially elderly, female headed households, chronically ill persons and the disabled) is needed to allow the cluster to plan for the prepositioning of emergency shelter and NFI items.
Prepositioning of shelter materials (plastic sheeting and rope) plus loose NFI items (mosquito nets, blankets, kangas and sleeping mats) needs to take place as soon as possible after clear information emerges about the targeted beneficiary population.
Distribution to the targeted beneficiary population of the above-mentioned emergency shelter and loose NFI items is recommended (i.e. plastic sheeting, rope, mosquito nets, blankets, kangas and sleeping mats), ensuring that vulnerable groups identified receive community-support for building their shelter.
Inadequate food intake was reported in most households.
Feeding practices for children less than five years (<5yrs) changed since the onset of the crisis, with Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) principles compromised.
acute malnutrition (noting that no screening for PLW was done).
MUAC screening was done to 77 children (6-59 months or <5yrs). Five of them had MAM and five had SAM in the two areas screened, giving a malnutrition rate of 13% - noting however that a 77 sample size is below the 100 value for precision for Rapid Nutrition Surveys (RNS). No nutrition interventions currently ongoing.
BSFP distribution to the whole population, and TSFP to MAM (PLW) and MAM (<5yrs).
Deployment of skilled nutrition staff.
Establishment of OTP and SC; construction of space for screening and treatment of MAM and SAM.
Community awareness on Infant and Young child feeding (IYCF).
Micronutrient supplementation (MNP, Vitamin A and Ferrous). Protection Key findings
Mandeng and surrounding communities are between 6 and 22 kilometers from the frontline in Nasir, leaving the area in range of mortar and rocket fire. Despite the risks, civilians remain in the area and were observed IRNA Report: Mandeng, Nasir County, Upper Nile – 20-21 May 2014 | 7
Inter-Agency Rapid Needs Assessment http://southsudan.humanitarianresponse.info/ moving freely, grazing livestock, fishing and trading few goods. The team did not identify any leadership arrangement among the IDP communities.
Large numbers of IDPs are mixed with host communities. The vast majority of both displaced and host community are Nuer. The team did not encounter minority groups or third country nationals (TNCs). A significant number of IDPs are reported to have fled to Ethiopia.
Tension between IDPs and the host communities was not reported, though a number of host community members were observed returning to the area and many more are reported to be coming back soon. This could potentially cause further displacement of IDPs currently residing in the area, especially if occupying currently vacant tukuls.
elderly) are present. The majority of IDPs consisted of women, children and the elderly.
The team identified some separated and missing children. The team observed 2 children carrying arms.
SGBV was difficult to assess; no SGBV incidents were reported to the team by IDPs or host community. The proximity of the IDP population to the frontline poses a general risk of SGBV however, given the general make- up of the IDP population in the area (majority women and children).
IDPs and host communities generally seem to feel safe and move freely in the area. The team did not receive any report of abuse or threat to IDPs by local armed actors. No sporadic gunfire or widespread alcohol consumption by armed men was observed in the area.
Monitor risks associated with the proximity to the frontline. Ensure the presence and mainstreaming of protection expertise during the provision of multi-sectoral humanitarian response, particularly distribution of food.
Advocate for simultaneous responses on both sides of the Sobat in order to avoid risks of river crossing, particularly for vulnerable. If this is not possible, support community organization for safe crossings.
IDPs and identifying vulnerable groups requiring targeted protection services, including Family Tracing and Reunification (FTR).
include support for strong community messaging on distribution sites (i.e. location, the communities being included and the timeframe).
for building shelter.
Carry out vulnerability screening to identify persons requiring specialized support and maintain protection monitoring and dispute settlement mechanisms through IDP leadership arrangement fully involving women.
WASH Key findings
There are five boreholes in the Mandeng area, but one of them is not functional, and will require a WASH specialist to repair it.
away from any water sources (boreholes or river).
Displaced families have no access to soap or other hygiene materials (including sanitary materials for women), or to containers for water collection and storage.
Priorities for immediate humanitarian response
Prepositioning of WASH items to be done before the rainy season (i.e. jerrycans, buckets, soap, purification tabs, and female sanitary materials) and distribution.
Reparation of the non-functional borehole. IRNA Report: Mandeng, Nasir County, Upper Nile – 20-21 May 2014 | 8
Inter-Agency Rapid Needs Assessment http://southsudan.humanitarianresponse.info/ Next steps Cluster Priority actions Human and material resources needed Responsible entity By when FSL - GFD for IDPs and targeted distributions for the host community - Distribution of fishing equipment - Livestock assessment Registration and distribution staff and food supplies WFP and
implementing partners ASAP
- Provision of drugs supplies and other emergency equipment. - Scaling up of technical staffing. - Expansion of health services in the area. - Strengthening of surveillance.
- BSFP distribution to the whole population, and TSFP to MAM (PLW) and MAM (<5yrs). - Deployment of skilled nutrition staff. - Establishment of OTP and SC; construction of space for screening and treatment of MAM and SAM.
- Community awareness on Infant and Young child feeding (IYCF). - Micronutrient supplementation (MNP, Vitamin A and Ferrous) Nutrition staff RUTFs (PlumpyNut) Space for screening and treatment to be set up UNKEA, WFP, MSF ASAP NFI&ES - Registration and distribution to the targeted beneficiary population
- Distribution of WASH items. - Construction of emergency communal latrines. - Repair of borehole.
- Monitor risks associated with presence of armed actors and proximity to the frontline. Protection cluster to determine partner UNHCR ASAP IRNA Report: Mandeng, Nasir County, Upper Nile – 20-21 May 2014 | 9
Inter-Agency Rapid Needs Assessment http://southsudan.humanitarianresponse.info/ - Advocacy and protection mainstreaming in a multi-sectoral response. - Deploy vulnerability/protection screening monitors. - Establish and support community leadership and services. - Monitor SGBV and child protection incidents and provide services.
Assessment information IRNA stands for “Initial Rapid Needs Assessment”.
: Serves as a ‘first look’ at locations where immediate emergency humanitarian response is anticipated, and determines immediate priorities for intervention – registration and targeting of caseload can be required as follow- up, or ‘blanket’ distribution of aid can be actioned directly.
Needs Assessment: The IRNA is an Inter-agency and inter-cluster process using an ICWG-endorsed tool, reporting format and methodology – namely The IRNA form, and the IRNA Reporting Template. The IRNA was endorsed by the South Sudan Inter Cluster Working Group (ICWG) and launched in November 2012, combined with training of humanitarian actors at Juba and state level.
The 20-21 May 2014 assessment to Mandeng, Nasir County, Upper Nile State was carried out by the following individuals: Cluster Name Organization Phone FSL Rehan Zahid WFP rehan.zahid@wfp.org 0922465457 Health Milka Irungu UNKEA milkairungu@gmail.com 0954626100 Nutrition Dennis Sokiri UNKEA tdmsokiri@gmail.com 0921230704 NFI&ES, WASH Mika Mugogo IOM mmugogo@iom.int 0920885902 NFI&ES, WASH Joseph Adiomo IOM jadiomo@iom.int 0921035220 Protection Allehone Abebe UNHCR abebe@unhcr.org 0922405677 Protection Sheldon Wardwell Non-Violent Peaceforce swardwell@nvpf.org 0954829374 CCCM Mamadou Konate IOM kmamadoutdy@iom.int 0920885915 Coordination Said Moussa OCHA moussas@un.org 0922453867 Coordination Michelle Kierulf OCHA kierulf@un.org 0922453869 Access Themba Linden OCHA linden@un.org 0922 406 015
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