4.
Poor Liza
NIKOLAI M. KARAMZIN
Karamzin's best known fictional work and a classic of Rus-
sian sentimentalism appeared for the first time in the Moscow
Journal in 1792. So successful was the story that pilgrimages
were made to the pond near the Simonov Monastery outside
Moscow in which the unfortunate Liza drowns herself in the
story. Not only that, but young lovers carved their initials and
various tender sentiments in the trees surrounding the pond
(it has been pointed out, however, that from about 1799 the
inscriptions become somewhat less reverent), and there were
even instances of suicides.
The plot of Poor Liza (Bednaia Liza)—the seduction by a
young nobleman of a girl of lower social origins—-was among
the most conventional in European sentimentalism. What is
characteristic of Karamzin's treatment of it is the subordina-
tion of the element of social conflict to the ethical problem
and the avoidance of a completely negative character in the
young man, Erast.
Although Liza herself can hardly be accepted as a realistic
portrait of a peasant (particularly if she is compared with
Aniuta, for example, in Radishchev's Journey), Karamzin has
introduced an element of psychological analysis, which was
virtually unknown before in Russian literature. The emotions
experienced by a young girl in love for the first time are
handled faithfully and with some delicacy, Erast and his
milieu, which were of course more familiar to Karamzin,
appear more convincing, without any of the pastoral aura
that still clings to Liza herself. In a certain sense, Erast may
be regarded a precursor of the soul-weary romantic heroes
of Russian literature, of Pushkin's Eugene Onegin or Lermon-
tov's Pechorin. The impact of Liza's pure emotions on her
jaded young lover in the early part of the story, which is
traced with no little skill, easily brings to mind the early
relationship between Tatiana and Onegin in Pushkin's classic.
Following the pattern of most of Karamzin's narrative
76
A portrait of Nikolai Karamzin.
78
NIKOLAI M. KARAMZIN
Poor Liza
79
prose, Poor Liza is presented as a first-person narration
strongly emotional in coloration. The author frequently
addresses his readers directly and expresses his own subjective
opinions about the principals. However, unlike a great deal
of sentimentalist fiction dealing with this or similar themes,
Karamzin avoids a concluding moral and the eventual (con-
ventional) triumph of good over evil.
The popularity of Poor Liza created a fashion for this type
of fiction, and numerous imitations appeared, among them
Poor Masha (Bednaia Masha) by A. Izmailov,
Unfortunate
Liza (Neschastnaia Liza) by P. Dolgorukov,
Poor Lilla
(Bednaia Lilla) by A. Popov, the Story of Poor Maria
(Istoria bednoi Marii) by N. Brusilov, and others. Pushkin
also wrote a version of the story, in a parodic vein, under the
title "The Lady Rustic" (Baryshnia-krest'ianka). It was in-
cluded in his Tales of Belkin (1830) cycle. The present
translation
1
follows the text in N. M. Karamzin, Izbrannye
sochineniia, ed. P. Berkov and G. Makogonenko, 2 vols.,
Moscow-Leningrad, 1964.
Perhaps no inhabitant of Moscow knows as well as I the
environs of this city. For no one is out as often in the fields;
no one has wandered more on foot, aimlessly and without
plan — wherever my nose led — through meadows and glades,
over hill and dale. Each summer I find new, pleasant locales,
or find new beauties in the old.
But the most pleasant place for me is there by the gloomy,
Gothic towers of the Si . . . nov Monastery.
1
Standing on the
hill, to the right, you can see almost all Moscow, that frightful
Liza was translated into English as early as 1803. It was
included, together with several other stories, in a book of
translations from Karamzin entitled Russian Tales by Nicolai
Karamsin, translated by a John Battersby Elringtort and pub-
lished in London in 1803. The following year, 1804, brought
another book of Karamzin's stories in English. The translations
are identical to those in the publication of 1803. The translator
signs himself only as "a Dane," and dedicates the work to Mr.
A. de Gyldenpalm, the Danish charge d'affaires in London.
1
The
Simonov monastery, founded c. 1370.
mass of houses and churches that strikes the eye as a mighty
amphitheatre: a magnificent picture, especially when lit by
the sun, when its evening rays ignite the innumerable gilded
cupolas and the innumerable crosses rising up to the sky!
Misty, dark-green, flowering meadows spread out below. And
beyond them, over yellow sand flows the clear river, ruffled
by the light oars of fishing skiffs or gurgling under the rudder
of freight barges, which sail from the most bountiful parts of
the Russian Empire and supply hungry Moscow with grain.
On the far side of the river you can see an oak grove, along
which numerous herds graze. There young shepherds, sitting
in the shade of the trees, sing simple, doleful songs and thus
hasten along the summer days, so monotonous for them.
Farther out, the gold-capped Danilov Monastery
2
shines in
the thick green of ancient elms. Still farther, almost on the
horizon's edge, the Sparrow Hills
3
turn blue. To the left
appear vast, grain-laden fields, woods, and three or four
small villages, and in the distance, the village of Kolomensk
4
with its tall castle.
I visit the place often and almost always greet spring there.
And I go there in the sullen fall days to grieve along with
Nature. The winds moan frightfully in the walls of the de
serted monastery,
5
among the graves grown over with tall
grass, and in the dark passageways of the cells. There, leaning
against the rubble of gravestones, I hear the dead moaning of
times devoured in the abyss of the past—moaning from which
my heart shrinks and trembles. Sometimes I enter the cells
and imagine those who lived in them—sad pictures! Here I
see a gray elder on his knees before a crucifix, praying for
speedy release from his earthly bondage; for all his pleasures
2
Founded in the second half of the thirteenth century by
Prince Daniil, the son of Aleksandr Nevskii.
3
Vorob'evy gory, in Russian; the high ground southwest of
Moscow. It is now called Lenin Hills.
4
A village to the south of Moscow. The castle referred to was
probably the four-story one built on Catherine's orders in 1767
on the site of an older wooden castle erected in the time of Tsar
Alexis Mikhailovich, in the 1660's.
5
In 1771 the Simonov monastery was placed
under quarantine
and vacated because of an outbreak of plague in the Moscow
area. It remained uninhabited until the mid-1790's. During
Napoleon's invasion of Russia it was sacked in 1812.