Kiev – established by Vikings



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Kiev – established by Vikings

  • Kiev – established by Vikings

  • Strong Byzantine influences

  • Conquered by Mongols in late 1230’s

  • Princes of Muscovy worked with Mongols to gain power

  • Ivan III (the Great) stopped tribute to Mongols in 1480



Ivan III established strong centralized government

  • Ivan III established strong centralized government

  • Married niece of last Byzantine emperor – took title of Czar (Tsar)

  • Adopted Byzantine double-headed eagle as state emblem

  • Adopted pomp and ceremony of Byzantine court – called Russia “Third Rome”



Ivan III absorbed independent Novgorod (tied to Poland-Lithuania) into new state

  • Ivan III absorbed independent Novgorod (tied to Poland-Lithuania) into new state

  • To settle new territories, Ivan III used free peasant pioneers (Cossacks)

  • Cossacks played large role in the expansion of Russia

  • Focus of expansion was to the east - Furs







Russia- Early Contact with the West

  • Russia- Early Contact with the West

    • Western merchants established trade contacts
    • Italian artists & architects imported for royal and church buildings
    • Russia looked to the West as example for court life
    • Russia selectively copied Western culture / commerce


Competition with nobility (Boyars) for power

  • Competition with nobility (Boyars) for power

  • Czar took on role as head of church

  • Struggle with Boyars reached climax under rule of Ivan IV



Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

  • Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

    • Began rule at age 16
    • Married into Romanov Boyar clan
    • Suspected Boyars of killing his wife
    • Threatened to abdicate unless given power to deal with Boyars and gain land called Oprichnina (“land apart”)


Ivan IV broke up estates of Boyars

  • Ivan IV broke up estates of Boyars

  • Created new aristocratic class called Oprichniki

  • Used Oprichniki to terrorize population

  • Depredations made Russia weak – open to outside invasions

  • Ivan turned on Oprichniki



Ivan IV died (1584) leaving no heir

  • Ivan IV died (1584) leaving no heir

  • Civil War ensued along with outside invasions

  • Mikhail Romanov elected Czar in 1613

  • Romanovs would rule to 1917





Peter the Great

  • Peter the Great

    • Peter developed fascination for Western technology
    • Took throne in 1689
    • Established a policy of rapid and forced modernization and Westernization
    • Copied many aspects of Western military


Established the “Table of Ranks,” permitting nobles to move ahead based on merit

  • Established the “Table of Ranks,” permitting nobles to move ahead based on merit

  • Abolished the Terem, the Russian equivalent of the harem

  • Encouraged the mixing of the sexes in towns and cities

  • 1703 - built new capital on the Baltic Sea, St. Petersburg



Russia and the West

  • Russia and the West

    • Peter adopted only that which did not interfere with the autocratic state
    • Westernization caused hostility on part of the populace
    • Russia would continue love-hate relationship with the West


Catherine the Great

  • Catherine the Great

    • Married Peter III
    • Peter murdered – Catherine succeeded to throne as Catherine II (1762 – 1796)
    • Ruled with support of nobility and military
    • Selective Westernization – interested in the Enlightenment


Continued expansion of Russia into the Crimea and Siberia

  • Continued expansion of Russia into the Crimea and Siberia

  • Partitioned Poland – Poland not free again until 1918

  • Absorbed large Jewish population

  • Enacted harsh policies on treatment of serfs





Expansion east brought contact with Ottomans and Safavids

  • Expansion east brought contact with Ottomans and Safavids

  • Took control of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia

  • Cossacks conducted campaign against ethnic peoples of Siberia (American west?)



In Russia 1450-1750, the centralization against the Mongols led to the development of the absolutist monarchy of the tsars and the “Westernization” campaign of gaining territory including the essential warm water ports. Feudalism, however, would be increasingly cemented by Russian forces to gain furthered agricultural productivity.

  • In Russia 1450-1750, the centralization against the Mongols led to the development of the absolutist monarchy of the tsars and the “Westernization” campaign of gaining territory including the essential warm water ports. Feudalism, however, would be increasingly cemented by Russian forces to gain furthered agricultural productivity.



Labor

  • Labor

    • Serfs could be bought and sold
    • A law code in 1649 imposed rigid caste-like structure over Russia’s labor force
    • It restricted both their occupational and their geographical mobility
    • Artisans and merchants had to register their children into their father’s occupation
    • It also established a hierarchy of nobles, making 52 Boyar families the top class


Industrialization began under Peter the Great

  • Industrialization began under Peter the Great

  • Factory owners could buy serfs, prostitutes, beggars, criminals, and orphans

  • Despite the emphasis put on industry, Russia’s factories never rivaled those of Europe





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