Lesson one

МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ

СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ

імені ВОЛОДИМИРА ДАЛЯ

МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ

до практичних (семінарських) занять

з дисципліни

„АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА”

(для студентів і, іі курсів спеціальності „фізика”)
ЗАТВЕРДЖЕНО

на засіданні кафедри

іноземних мов.

Протокол № 5 від 20.01.04

Луганськ 2006

УДК 811.111.(075)

Методичні вказівки до практичних занять з англійської мови для студентів 1-2 курсів за фахом „Фізика”, „Прикладна фізика” / Уклад.: Т.М. Руденко. – Луганськ: Вид-во СНУ ім.. В. Даля, 2006. – 37 с.

Методичні вказівки рораховано на формування навичок читання і вимови, засвоєння основних граматичних структур і лексичних одиниць, що дозволяють студентам вільно читати і розуміти оригінальну англомовну технічну літературу за фахом.

Укладач Т.М.Руденко, викл.
Відп. за випуск В.Е. Краснопольський, к.п.н., доц.
Рецензент С.Д. Кривоносов, к.т.н., доц.




ПЕРЕДМОВА

Мета методичних вказівок – забезпечити приготування студентів 1, 2 курсів навчання (1 – 4 семестри) до самостійного читання, розуміння й перекладу оригінальної науково-технічної літератури англійською мовою, а також розвиток навичок усного мовлення.

Дані методичні вказівки англійської мови розраховано на 84 години аудиторних занять протягом перших двох семестрів. За цей час студенти повинні набути навичок читання й вимови, засвоїти основні граматичні структури і лексичні одиниці, що дозволить їм вільно читати й розуміти оригінальну англомовну технічну літературу, звертатися до словника лише для знаходження технічних і наукових термінів.

Методичні вказівки складаються з 4 уроків ( 2 уроки на І –ІІ семестри). Кожний урок містить такі матеріали: тренувальні фонетикоорфоепічні вправи, навчальні тексти (основний і додаткові), які супроводжуються лексико – граматичними вправами.

Методичні вказівки складаються з 27 сторінок.

LESSON ONE

READING EXERCISES:

1. Memorize the spelling and pronunciation of the following words:

exist [ig’zist]- існувати, molecule [‘mOlikju:l]- молекула, hydrogen [‘haidriGqn]-водень,vary [‘vFqri]-змінюватися, protein[‘proutJn] протеїн, uranium [‘juq’reinjqm]- уран, researches [‘ri’sWCq]- дослідник, while [‘wail]- в той час як, nuclear [‘nju:kliq]- ядерний, weight [weit]- маса, вага.

2. Practice connected reading:

various branches of physics, the development of science and technology, two ideas, the nature of the matter, the other theory, tiny particles or units, is made of atoms, is too small to be seen, the diameter of the average molecule, a cubic inch, must be still smaller, as large as the earth, scientists have been able, the great scientist.

TEXT A. BASIC FACTS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS

In recent years tremendous advances have been made in the development of various branches of physics.

The most remarkable researchers of the twentieth century have substantiated two ideas about the nature of the matter, which the Greek philosophers formulated twenty centuries ago. One is the theory that the many thousands of substances, which exist in the world are formed out of a small number of simpler substances or elements (molecules). The other theory is that matter is constructed out of tiny particles or units, the so-called atoms of matter.

The modern scientist is convinced of the existence of molecules and atoms. Everything in and on the earth, the moon, the sun, and all other stars, is made of atoms. Billions of atoms together make everything that exists. Take a handful of air, and you will hold billions of atoms.

Look at your handful of atoms. You can’t see a single one, no matter how hard you look, for every atom is too small to be seen even with a powerful microscope.

The atoms, which form the molecules are, of course, smaller than the molecules, while the electrons of which the atoms are composed are yet smaller. From various experiments scientists concluded that the diameter of the average molecule is about one 125,000,000^th of an inch. Since atoms compose molecules, they must be still smaller. If each atom in an orange measured one inch in diameter, the orange would be as large as the earth.

Molecules all vary in size, depending upon the number and size of the atoms, which compose them. They vary from simple one consisting of two atoms such as the hydrogen molecules, to complex ones, like those of starch, some of which contain as many as 2,500 atoms. Protein molecules are even larger than this.

Not all the atoms weigh the same amount. From the way atoms act, scientists have been able to compare their weight and list them in a table beginning with the lightest and ending with the heaviest. Such a table was created in 1869 by D.I.Mendeleyev, the great Russian scientist.

Hydrogen, the gas used in toy balloons, is very light. Uranium, the ore used for atomic energy production, is the heaviest, and its atom is the last in the table of atoms that exist naturally. Heavier ones, which follow uranium in the table have been made by man.

The practical uses of nuclear energy are based on knowledge of the structure of matter. Our knowledge of the internal structure of the atom is a twentieth century achievement. It is extremely new, so new in fact, that physicists realize that far more remains to be found out than has already been discovered. Yet that knowledge has already played an important part in the advance of chemistry and industry, and most recently in the peaceful use of atomic energy.

VOCABULARY NOTES

in recent years-протягом останніх років

to convince somebody of something-переконати кого-н. в чому-н.

to be convinced (of smth.)- бути переконаним (в чому-н.)

to substantiate- доводити, обгрунтовувати

from the way atoms act…- по тому, як атоми поводяться

no matter how hard (you look)-хоч би як ви напружували (свій зір)

…contain as many as 2,500 atoms- …вміщати 2500 атомів

most recently- зовсім недавно, нещодавно

to play (an important) part- відігравати (важливу) роль

far more remains to be found out- значно більше залишається (треба) відкрити
EXERCISES

I. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

similar meaning: tremendous, strong, powerful, wonderful, remarkable, significant, important, great, famous, enormous;

opposite meaning: many, weak, strong, outdated, internal, large, heavy, complex, small, external, light, simple, modern, few.

Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

Physics, experiment, nature, matter, theory, energy, modern, diameter, number, microscope, electron, formulate, calculate, concept base, programmer, structure, lecture, especially, technology, substance, complex, balloon.
II. Choose English equivalents of the following Ukrainian words:

Прогрес research

Розвиток knowledge

Століття advance

Галузь air

Дослідження century

Речовина scientist

Повітря development

Частинка branch

Знання substance

Вчений particle
III. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English using the verb “convince”:

1.Вчені переконані у можливості дослідження термоядерної реакції для виробництва енергії в мирних цілях. 2. Ми переконані в тому, що мир можна відстояти. 3. Ми були переконані в тому, що він буде добрим інженером. 4. Ми переконали його в тому, що це питання дуже важливе (у важливості цього питання). 5. Лектор переконав нас в тому, що існує багато методів вирішення цієї проблеми (в існуванні багатьох методів). 6. Вчені переконані, що існує багато шляхів використання сонячної енергії (в існуванні багатьох шляхів…).

IV. Form and memorize the Past Indefinite and the Past Participle of the following verbs:

to look, to take, to make, to calculate, to create, to measure, to vary, to see, to begin, to know, to find, to hold, to weigh, to exist, to consist.

V. Make up sentences of the following words, word groups and word-combinations:

1. the smallest unit, a chemical element, the atom, according to, of, is, modern science.

2. a complex structure, two types, atomic, consisting of, an, nucleus, protons, is, of, neutrons, and, elementary, particles.

3. scientists, of, established, in the nineteenth century, the, atomic, theory of, matter, structure.

4. great achievements, our scientists, in, various, of, have, branches, and science, technology.
VI. Insert articles where necessary:

1. Modern ... physics differs considerably from what it was ... decade ago. 2. Not long ago ... physicists spoke about three states of … matter. Today we speak about ... fourth state of ... matter, ... plasma state. 3. ... number of countries are working on ... development and construction of ... various kinds of ... atomic power ships as well as ... locomotives, ... airplanes and other means of ... transport. 4. Scientists are working consistently to develop ... methods of peaceful applications of ... atomic energy.

VII. Define the meaning of the words “one” and “that” in the following sentences and translate them into Ukrainian:

1. This method will be used in place of the present ones. 2. One can get very near to seeing atoms by photographing the traces where they have been. 3. There exist many substances in more than one of three possible states. 4. In fact it was a success, and a great one. 5. Since no one yet knows precisely how catalysts work, each one has to be found by trial and error. 6. It is worth mentioning that a pound of Uranium-235 can supply as much energy as the burning up of 3,000,000 pounds of coal. 7. This method is more effective than that one. 8. The specific heat of water is double that of ice.

VIII. Analyze and translate into Ukrainian the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

1. We haven't met since our graduation from the university. 2. Scientists determined that radium was breaking down into a number of elements. 3. Since the atomic number of hydrogen is one, it means that the nucleus of the hydrogen atom possesses one positive charge and that one negative electron is associated with it. 4. Since an atom is electrically neutral it must have an equal number of positive and negative charges. 5. You cannot see atoms for every atom is too small to be seen even with a powerful microscope. 6. For many centuries man did not know anything about the structure оf matter.

IX. In the following sentences put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form and translate them into Ukrainian:

1.Tremendous successes (to be achieved) by our scientists in various branches of physics. 2. Scientists (to probe) the internal structure of atoms by means of accelerators. 3. There (to be) now a great many known methods of weighing atoms, of measuring their size, and counting them. 4. The ideas оf ancient philosophers about the nature of the matter (to substantiate) by the remarkable researches of the twentieth century. 5. Scientists (to make) heavier elements that those which exist naturally.

X. Translate into English using the active vocabulary from the text:

1.Протягом останніх років у нашій країні досягнуто значних успіхів у різних галузях науки і техніки. 2. Вчені досліджують структуру атомів за допомогою пристроїв, які називаються прискорювачами. 3. Відкриття четвертого стану речовини становить інтерес для фізиків, біологів і ботаніків. 4. Будова матерії була предметом роздумів з давніх часів. 5. Ми можемо визначити швидкість іонів за допомогою магнітного поля. 6. Відкриття нейтрона в 1932 році стало ще одним важливим кроком у розумінні будови ядра. 7. Атоми однакової хімічної природи, але різні за масою, називаються ізотопами.

XI. Insert prepositions where necessary and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:

1. Our country has ushered in the age ... atomic and thermonuclear energy. 2. The boundaries ... physics and chemistry are not very definite. 3. The distance ... atoms ... a solid is a few thousand times smaller than the wavelength ... visible light. 4. One ... the effective methods ... producing ... radioactive elements is ... neutrons. 5. Each atom consists ... a nucleus ... one or more electrons revolving ... the nucleus. 6. The chemical composition ... an element is basically determined ... the number ... protons.

XII. Put questions to the words in bold type:

1. Atomic nuclei consist of two types of elementary particles — protons and neutrons. 2. The probability of electronic excitation by neutron impact is very small. 3. Different new elements have been produced artificially. 4. Atomic energy must be used for peaceful purposes. 5. Scientists have obtained important information from satellites and space stations. 6. For many centuries man did not know anything about the structure of matter.

XIII. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What are the advances of physics in our days? 2. What latest achievements in the field of physics have you heard about? 3. What ideas about the nature of the matter have the researchers of the 20th century substantiated? 4. What do you know about the atomic theory of matter? 5. What do you know about the structure of the molecule? 6. What can you say about the size of molecules? 7. What does the size of molecules depend upon? 8. How can we determine the weight of atoms? 9. What parts does an atom consist of? 10. Is atomic nucleus a simple structure? 11. What are the great discoveries of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century? 12. What are the peaceful uses of atomic energy in the world?

XIV. Retell the text.
XV. Render from Ukrainian into English:
У СВІТІ ФІЗИКИ

Повітря, вода, земля, люди, рослини, тварини, сонце, планети, Всесвіт — весь матеріальний світ називається природою. Фізика — одна з наук, які вивчають природу.

Є й інші науки, які вивчають природу: астрономія, хімія, географія, ботаніка, зоологія. Всі ці науки використовують закони фізики.

Фізика — одна з найстаріших наук. Першими фізиками були грецькі вчені, які жили багато століть до початку нашої ери. Вони були першими, хто заклав основи вчення про природу матерії.

Молекули — дуже маленькі частинки речовини, але й вони подільні. Частинки, з яких складаються молекули, називаються атомами.

Атоми також подільні. Вони складаються з найдрібні-ших частинок, які називаються елементарними частинками.

Багато важливих відкриттів, завдяки яким розвивалася фізика, зробили вчені Г. Галілей, І. Ньютон, М. В. Ломоносов, М. Фарадей, Д. І. Менделєєв, П'єр і Марія Кюрі, Е. Резерфорд, А. Ейнштейн, А. Ф. Йоффе, С. І. Вавілов, І. В. Курчатов та інші.
TEXT В. THE DAWN OF ATOMIC PHYSICS

1. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words:

dawn [dO:n] — початок, джерело, opaque [ou’peik] — непрозорий, темний, thorium [‘TO:riqm] — торій, residue [‘rezidju:] — осад, pitchblende[‘piCblend] — уранова смолка, ураніт, triumphant [trai’Amfqnt] — тріумфальний, bacterium [bxk’tiqriqm] — бактерія, minute [mai’nju:t] — дрібний, найдрібніший.

2. Words and expressions necessary to comprehend the text:

to draw near — наближатися, to announce — оголошувати, ray — промінь, mysterious — загадковий, evident — очевидний, self-satisfaction — самозадоволення, to give off — виділяти, випускати, to go on (with the experiments) — продовжувати (експерименти), pure — чистий, fascinating — чарівний, fraction — частинка, частка, neighborhood — сусідство, to astonish — дивувати, уражати.

TEXT

As the 19th century drew near its close, physicists felt that they had completed their task. At the end of the 19th century scientists said that it was probable that all the great discoveries in the field of physics had been made. The physicist of the future, they said, would have nothing to do but repeat the experiments of the past.

And then, two years later, in December 1895, Prof. Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen announced his discovery of X-rays. He published photographs of the bones of his hand, and of keys and coins photographed through the leather pocketbook, which contained them. A new discovery had been made! Roentgen had found some mysterious ray, which penetrated opaque objects as easily as sunlight penetrated windowglass. There was nothing in the nineteenth century physics to explain this phenomenon. It was soon evident that the work of the physicist, far from being at the end, was only at its beginning.

The discovery of X-rays ended the self-satisfaction of the nineteenth century physicists and started research workers all over the world on new lines of work.

A year later—in 1896 — in Paris, Antoine Henri Becquerel made his discovery of the mysterious rays given off by uranium salts. Marie Curie asked his permission to go on with the experiments. Her desire was to find if any substances besides the salts of uranium gave off these rays. After many experiments she found that only one, the salt of thorium, did so. But the most amazing discovery she made was the fact that pitchblende, the ore from which uranium is obtained, gave off rays four times as strong as those of pure uranium.

It was apparent to Becquerel and the Curies that this could mean only one thing. The pitchblende must contain some unknown chemical element, which was far richer in these mysterious rays than was uranium. Pierre Curie decided to drop his own researches, and he and his wife began the fascinating task of finding this unknown element. The Austrian government presented them with a ton of pitchblende. It was necessary to remove one known substance after another from the pitchblende, carefully conserving the residue for further analysis.

The first result of the work was the discovery of a substance giving off "Becquerel rays", as the world of science began to call the mysterious rays. Marie Curie named it "polonium" in honors of her native Poland. But polonium was not rich enough in the rays to be the end of the search.

In 1898, the search came to a triumphant conclusion. From the ton of pitchblende, the Curies had obtained a fraction of a grain of a new element, which was two and a half million times as rich in "Becquerel rays" as was uranium. They named this new substance "radium”. It possessed many interesting properties. It liberated heat, electrified the air in its immediate neighborhood, caused many substances to become phosphorescent when brought near it, and possessed the power of killing bacteria and other minute organisms. The world of physics was astonished. Three great discoveries in the three years, each one more astonishing than the other — X-rays in 1895, the "Becquerel rays" in 1896 and radium in 1898. Those were exciting days in the field of physics.

ASSIGNMENTS

I. Read the text and carry out the following assignments:

a) Read and give Ukrainian equivalents of the following internationalisms:

experiment, photograph, object, phenomenon, line, uranium, substance, element, present, conserve, analysis, result, interesting, phosphorescent, bacterium, organism, radium.

b) Find the paragraph where the discovery of the new element "radium" is described.

c) Point out the word not belonging to the chemical elements group:

radium, thorium, spectrum, helium, uranium.

d) Explain the common origin of the words "physicist" and "physician".
II. Is the discovery of "alpha" and "beta" rays mentioned in the text?
III. Do you know any other important scientific discoveries and inventions made at the end of the 19th century?
IV. Suggest some other title of the text.
V. Give a short annotation of the text in English (5-6 sentences).
TEXT C. THE LIFE DEVOTED TO PHYSICS

1. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words:

physicist, St. Petersburg, fortune, college, further, micro-world, liquid, oxygen, naturalist.

2. Read and memorize:

prosperous — заможний, odd — дивний, to resolve — вирішувати, upside down — догори дном, maturity — зрілість, to stay for a while — зупинитися на деякий час, to realize — розуміти, to present a thesis — подати дисертацію, advanced — передовий, поглиблений, to persuade — переконувати, oxygen blast — киснева тяга.

TEXT

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa is one of the outstanding world physicists. He made his appearance in physics at the turn of the century,

P. L. Kapitsa was born in 1894 in a prosperous family. His father was a general, a prominent military engineer who had built the Kronstadt fortress. When Pyotr finished school he said he wanted to become a physicist. Such a wish in 1912 seemed odd, if not crazy. There were no more than a hundred professional physicists in Russia at that time. Still he was resolved to be a physicist and entered the St. Petersburg Polytechnical Institute, one of the best technical educational establishments in Russia at that time. He became a student of the electromechanical faculty.

Kapitsa was lucky to have such teachers as V. V. Skobeltsin, father of well-known physicist, Dmitry Skobeltsin, Abraham Joffe and the great British physicist Ernest Rutherford.

Those were difficult years when a sack of flour was considered a fortune. Life barely glimmered in universities and colleges. Many scientists emigrated. The general's son remained. His scientific maturity could already be seen by his experiments to determine the magnetic moments of atoms. His civic maturity showed in deciding to remain in hungry, cold Petrograd with Joffe, his teacher.

In 1921, Joffe went to London to buy laboratory equipment and he took Kapitsa with him.

In Cambridge, after visiting the famous Cavendish Laboratory, Joffe asked Rutherford to let Kapitsa stay for a while in Cambridge to study and work with him. Rutherford, the celebrated physicist, agreed.

Kapitsa completed the laboratory course in two weeks instead of the usual two years and so became Rutherford's favourite pupil.

It was at Cambridge that Kapitsa became well-known. His experiments with strong magnetic fields made him famous among scientists the world over. He was one of the first physicists to realize that further advances into the microworld, that further discoveries in electricity and magnetism could only be achieved through the "industrialization" of science, and physics laboratories equipped with fundamentally new types of apparatus both large and expensive.

In 1923 Kapitsa presented his doctoral thesis. Through his experiments he made a very important discovery: in most metals the resistance increases linearly in respect to the magnetic field. A simplified version of this discovery was later included in physics courses as Kapitsa's linear law. He became assistant director of the Cavendish Laboratory and Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1934 Kapitsa returned home.

Kapitsa successfully combined the talent of an experimenter with brilliant engineering ability.

In 1935 he designed a powerful installation for producing liquid oxygen and introduced the oxygen blast in the iron-and-steel industry.

In the war years, Kapitsa devoted all his talent of a scientist and engineer to the cause of the country's defence. In the post-war years he worked in an entirely new field of science and technology — high-power electronics, which has a fantastic future.

World recognition of his scientific efforts came with the Nobel Prize in physics in 1978.

P. L. Kapitsa was a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Fellow of the Royal Society, Honorary Member of the Danish Academy of Sciences, Honorary Member of the National Academy of the USA, India and Ireland, Honorary Member of the German Academy of Naturalists, Doctor of the Sorbonne, Professor of the Universities of Oslo, Algiers and Prague, and others. In the history of physics there are few names that can be placed next to his.