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Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation Linguistics 200
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tarix | 30.10.2018 | ölçüsü | 296,5 Kb. | | #76508 |
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Linguistics 200 Spring 2002
Morphological competence Which words are possible/impossible? What are the properties of words--how can they be used? How are new words created? What is the structure of existing words?
Some more word formation types Simultaneous Reduplication Ablaut Affixation - Infixation
- Portmanteau morphemes
- Position class morphology
Arabic verbal morphology: ‘write’
Arabic verbal morphology ‘write’
Simultaneous morphology
Simultaneous morphology
Simultaneous morphology 2. Tense/voice/participle (vowels) /a/ perfective active /u i/ perfective passive /a/-, /a i/, /a u/, /a/ imperfective active /u/-, /a/ imperfective passive /mu/-, /a/ passive participle (1st binyan: /ma/-, /u/)
Simultaneous morphology 3. “Binyanim”: causative, reciprocal, reflexive, etc. (syllable structure: arrangement of consonants and vowels)
Simultaneous morphology
Simultaneous morphology
Simultaneous morphology
Reduplication RED (reduplicant): a morpheme which copies the phonological segments of the root it is attached to partial reduplication (affixational) vs. total reduplication (compounding)
Total reduplication Sahaptin inanimate plurals - [p’ú p’u] ‘teardrops’
English: ‘really, truly’ - red red (vs. blue red)
- home home
- India Indian
Partial reduplication: suffixing
Partial reduplication: prefixing
Partial reduplication: Prefixing
Infixation: Ulwa possessive forms
Ulwa Infixation
Infixation: placement of the infix
Infixation: placement of the infix In Ulwa, possessive affixes follow the stressed syllable (infixation as a special case of suffixation)
Witsuwit’en (Athabaskan, British Columbia)
Witsuwit’en morphology
Witsuwit’en morphology Major (affixable) lexical categories - nouns
- verbs
- postpositions
- directional adverbs
- adjectives
Ablaut = Root-internal vowel substitution English present past past participle sing sang have sung ring rang have rung
Ablaut in Witsuwit’en -/qes/ ‘scratch hard’ –[qes] –[qez] –[qs] -/qz/ ‘do with arms’ –[qis] –[qz] –[qs] /i/ replaces // in the imperfective/optative // replaces /e/ in the future
Affixation to nouns
Morphological analysis
Prepositions and postpositions Prepositions: preposition - noun count for me prep noun Postpositions: noun - postposition [s- pe c’otw] me for you (sg.) count noun postposition ‘count for me’
Affixation to postpositions
Morphological analysis
Morphological analysis (revised)
Affixation to verbs Unusual features - Position class morphology: (prefix order restrictions)
- prefix-prefix-prefix-...-verb root-suffix
- Discontinuous morphemes
Some verbs (dictionary entry) -jin 'sg./du. stand' -tseq ‘be lightweight’ -as ‘du./group goes, walks
Some verbs (actual words) Minimally: dictionary form of verb+‘tense’ [sa na] ‘the sun/moon is going’ - sa ‘sun, moon’
- -a 'sun, moon goes'
- n- continuative (‘round-trip’)
[sa ia] ‘the sun/moon is moving'
Position class morphology
Some more verb words 1. [tci ujin] 'he/she is picking huckleberries' O-u-jin 'pick O (berries) while stationary‘ O- u - jin - (object required) qualifier –root
- - imperfective (tense position)
- 0 / u ___
2. [c'ojin] 'he/she is picking' - 2. [c'ojin] 'he/she is picking'
- c'- unspecified object (pronominal object/subject position)
- (c’ + u c’o)
3. [c'onjin] 'he/she is picking (round things)' 3. [c'onjin] 'he/she is picking (round things)' n- round object (optional) (qualifier position)
4. [wec'onsji'n] 'he/she isn't picking (round things)' 4. [wec'onsji'n] 'he/she isn't picking (round things)' we- negative (negative position) s- non-perfective negative (tense position) - (negative position) n + ‘n
5. [wec'onzsji'n] 'I'm not picking (round things)' 5. [wec'onzsji'n] 'I'm not picking (round things)' s- 1sg. subject (subject position) /s/ [z] / ___ V
Morphological structure
English
English ablaut in verbal morphology
Portmanteau morphemes
Zero derivation No overt affix (a.k.a. “conversion”)
Zero derivation Noun-verb pairs the bite, to bite the fall, to fall the steal, to steal the tread, to tread the kick-off, to kick off, etc.
Relatively new verbs to office ‘to work in an office’(?): ‘Kinko’s---the new way to office’ to Sequim ‘to visit Sequim’: 'Thanks for Sequimming‘ to apple(s) and orange(s) ‘to compare unlike objects, make an inappropriate comparison’: ‘You're apples and orangeing it.’
Denominal verbs lack ablaut or irregular verbal inflection Ablaut: ring (a bell), rang, rung drink, drank, drunk Lack of ablaut: a ring (worn on finger), ringed (*rang) X ('put a ring on X'), has ringed the ink, inked (*ank) the drawing, has inked a wing, winged (*wang) it, has winged it
Denominal verbs Verb-noun-verb: to fly: the bird flew, the bird has flown a fly (ball) to fly (to hit a fly ball): flied, to have flied ___ has twice flied (*flown) to center field tonight.
Morphological paradigms = set of related words Some Latin nominal (noun) paradigms case
Morphological paradigms
Some Irish “conjugated prepositions” le Máire with Mary liom ‘with me’ leat ‘with you (sg.)’ leis ‘with him’ léithi ‘with her’ linn ‘with us’ libh ‘with you (pl.)’ leofa ‘with them’
Suppletion A member of a paradigm may be filled in an irregular way:
Suppletion
Other types of morphology Ablaut = change in root vowel as phonological part of morpheme
English ablaut in verbal morphology
English ablaut in verbal morphology
German
Zero derivation No overt affix (a.k.a. “conversion”)
Zero derivation Noun-verb pairs the bite, to bite the fall, to fall the freeze, to freeze the steal, to steal the tread, to tread the bridge, to bridge the sample, to sample the puncture, to puncture, etc.
Zero derivation Nouns-verb compound pairs the kickoff, to kick off the show-off, to show off the put-down, to put down the push-over, to push over the hang-up, to hang up etc.
Relatively new verbs to tanker ‘to carry freight by tanker’: 'Do they want to cut off all tankers or do we just want to do our level best to make tankering safe?‘ to office ‘to work in an office’(?): ‘Kinko’s---the new way to office’ to Sequim ‘to visit Sequim’: 'Thanks for Sequimming'
Relatively new verbs to apple(s) and orange(s) ‘to compare unlike objects, make an inappropriate comparison’: ‘You're apples and orangeing it.’ to bare hand ‘to catch with bare hands’: 'I wouldn't want to bare hand that one.' (said of fly ball hit into stands)
General note on productivity: Which binyanim a root appears in is largely an idiosyncratic property of that root, and meanings are not totally predictable. On the other hand, neologisms and loanwords are incorporated into this system.
General note on productivity: I: possible for nearly all roots; semantically unmarked IX-XI: limited to verbs of color or bodily defect XI-XV: rare thus, ‘write’ actually appears in only 8 binyanim; the other forms in this table are attested with other triliteral roots
ASL kin terms location MALE forehead FEMALE chin MOTHER FATHER GRANDMOTHER GRANDFATHER NIECE NEPHEW DAUGHTER SON SISTER BROTHER FEMALE COUSIN MALE COUSIN
ASL kin terms location MOTHER = PARENT FEMALE DAUGHTER = OFFSPRING FEMALE
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