Patrician Class

Patrician Class

• Patrician Class

• Nephew of Marius

• Son-In-Law of Cinna

• Grew up being affected by the political turmoil

• First political appointment by Cinna: Flamen Dialis

Patrician Class

• Patrician Class

• Sulla’s general during his dictatorship

• Had won previous military glory

• Had been given credit for the victory over Spartacus

Had to flee Rome during Sulla’s dictatorship

• Had to flee Rome during Sulla’s dictatorship

• His later leniency is a reaction to this

• Presumably close to Marius and his aunt Julia

• Joined the staff of the governor of Asia in 80 BCE

• Had to get out of Rome
• Provided a head start to his political and military career

• 75 BCE, captured by Cicilian pirates, held for 38 days

• He had his revenge
• Going to study in Greece

In 80 BCE, given the corona civica for his role in saving the lives of Romans at the seige of Miletus

• In 80 BCE, given the corona civica for his role in saving the lives of Romans at the seige of Miletus

• Senate had to stand and clap when he wore the crown in public

• In 73 BCE, returned to Rome at 27 to start his political career

• Soon after, his aunt Julia and his wife, Cornelia died
• Public funeral for Julia
• Went to Serve Vetius in Spain
• Alexander’s Statue

67 BC, Caesar marries again: Pompeia

• 67 BC, Caesar marries again: Pompeia

• Sulla’s granddaughter
• Allying himself with the Optimates
• Started actions that put him with the Populares

• 65 BCE, elected curile aedile

• Public works: great way to have public support (temples and games)
• Almost went bankrupt, but gained IMMENSE popular support
• Public statues of Marius - pushing agenda

Ran for Pontifex Maximus

• Ran for Pontifex Maximus

• Income would relieve his debts
• Lifetime office - power against Senate

• 63 BCE - Cataline Conspiracy

• Lucius Sergius Catalina tried to take over governmnent
• Crassus turned the letters to the Senate
• Optimates tried to implicate Caesar
• Because of his close ties to Crassus, did not fly

• 62 BCE - became praetor

• After supporting Pompey, kicked out of office
• Angry mob threatened violence, reinstated

• 60 BCE - Became consul of Rome

Spanish Tribes (military victory he needed to become consul)

• Spanish Tribes (military victory he needed to become consul)

• Gallic Wars

• Against Vercengetorix
• Seige of Alesia
• De Bello Gallico

• Invasions of Britain

• 2 separate invasions
• Queen Cartimandua

• Helvetia

60 BCE - Caesar is consul (at 40!)

• 60 BCE - Caesar is consul (at 40!)

• Although he is popular with the people, he needed to ally himself with the Senate to ensure he was elected
• Allied himself with Crassus
• Pompey other prominent member of the Senate
• He wanted land reform- Caeasr could win popular support for the bill

• Triumvirate - loose alliance

Caesar passed laws to suit Crassus’s business interests

• Caesar passed laws to suit Crassus’s business interests

• Bibulus - other consul

• “bad omens” - Caesar as Pontifex Maximus
• The Consulship of Julius and Caesar

• Pompey married Julia, Caesar’s daughter

• Gave him army to conquer Gaul

55 BCE - Caesar in Gaul

• 55 BCE - Caesar in Gaul

• Pompey and Crassus consuls
• Pompey: Spain, Caesar: Gaul, Crassus: Syria

• Pompey stays in Rome - problem

• Power now back in the hands of the Senate
• Alleged that the war in Gaul was illegal - angry because the value of gold was reduced by 1/3
• Pompey backed the Senate
• Caesar petitioned Tribune to veto laws against him
• Marcus Antonius elected Tribune for first time

• Choice - surrender and face prosecution, or go to war with Rome

• Jan. 1, 49 BCE - Caesar declared enemy of the state
• Jan. 11, 49 BCE - Caesar crosses the Rubicon river, and marches on Rome. - “alia iacta est”

People supported Caesar - had little trust in the Senate

• People supported Caesar - had little trust in the Senate

• Senate thought that people would back the Republic

• Pompey and the Optimates flee to Brundisium

• Battle of Phrasalus (48 BCE)

• Fled to Egypt

• What a welcome!

Descendant of Ptolemy I Soter

• Descendant of Ptolemy I Soter

• Macedonian ruler of Egypt

• Intelligent, spoke many languages

• Only ruler to speak Egyptian

• Political Turmoil in Egypt

Stopped a civil war between Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIII

• Stopped a civil war between Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIII

• Crowned King of Egypt in traditional Egyptian ceremony

• Married Cleopatra - had son, Cesarion

Headed back to Rome

• Headed back to Rome

• Stopped and conquered some territory along the way
• Sextus Pompey in Munda, Spain

• Celebrated triumphs

• Proclaimed dictator perpetuus

• Dictator for life

• Wanted to be proclaimed king

Senate devised a plan

• Senate devised a plan

• King of all but Rome
• Save the Republic
• Brutus and Cassius

• Calpurnia’s Dream

• Enters the Senate (theatre of Pompey)

• Stabbed 32 times
• Falls at the statue of Pompey

Rome cannot be ruled by Senate any longer - trust and confidence in the Senate is destroyed

• Rome cannot be ruled by Senate any longer - trust and confidence in the Senate is destroyed

• Old patricians still clung to Old Ways

• Marc Antony and Octavian come to center stage now to punish Caesar’s murders

Antony and Octavian vs. Senators

• Antony and Octavian vs. Senators

• Antony and Cleopatra vs. Octavian

• Augustus as emperor of Rome