4/2/12
1
Pompey the Great (106-‐48)
“A9er having rescued the
seacoast from pirates and
restored to the Roman
people the command of
the sea, he celebrated
triumphs over Asia, Pontus,
Armenia, Paphlagonia,
Cappadocia, Cilicia, Syria,
the Scythians, the Jews,
the Albanians, Iberia, the
Island of Crete, and in
addiLon to these, over King
Mithridates & King
Tigranes… He routed, scaSered, slew, or received
the surrender of 12,380,000 people; sank or captured 846 ships;
received the capitulaLon of 1,538 towns & forts…”
•
Pompey’s boast: “I found Asia the furthest off of Rome’s
provinces & le9 her at center of Rome’s empire”
Crassus (Sulla’s
lieutenant)
Pompey (Sulla’s
lieutenant)
Caesar (Marius’
nephew)
Sulla (Marius’
lieutenant)
Marius
Network of
Civil War
The “last generaLon” of the Republic
•
Final Lpping point between a Rome controlled
by small groups of super-‐imperialists who
want to be considered principes (first men)—
and a Rome ruled by one man: the only
princeps.
“Pompey could not bear having a superior. But
Caesar could not even bear having an equal.”
Gnaeus Pompeius (Magnus)
•
Greatest conqueror of Roman Republic
–
or just most opportunisLc? Best at taking credit?
•
FighLng under Sulla, Pompey (in his 20’s)
–
adopts surname Magnus: The Great
–
others call him adulescens carnifex: Teenage Butcher
•
dominated Roman poliLcs for 30 years a9er Sulla
•
Individualist general and imitator of Alexander
–
BUT, by accident of history, gets painted as last basLon of
old Rome—symbol of lost Republic, bulldozed by Caesar.
–
From teenage butcher & violator of consLtuLon to
guardian of mos maiorum???
4/2/12
2
Rise of Pompey
•
Son of successful general, Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo.
Inherited thousands of clients when father died in 87
(Pompey just 19)
•
Joins Sulla in 82, having raised 3 legions of his clients
•
Marries Sulla’s step-‐daughter
•
Becomes Sulla’s roving hitman…
•
A9er success vs. Sulla’s foes, Pompey demands Triumph
–
But Pompey just 25 years old & has never held office
–
Sulla says no– that would be unconsLtuLonal!
–
Pompey refuses to disband army unLl Triumph given
–
25 year old (non-‐senator!) Pompey gets Triumph…
Lepidus, consul in 78
•
Right a9er Sulla’s death,
Lepidus, tries to reverse
Sulla’s reforms: restore
tribunes & grain subsidies
•
Senate delays
•
Lepidus about to march on
Rome
•
Senate orders SCU, puong
Pompey in command ag.
Lepidus
•
Pompey crushes rebellion,
but refuses to disband army
unLl given new command…
Pompey vs. Sertorius
•
Marian who fled to Spain in 82
•
In 80, raises rebellion in Spain
•
Offers refuge for all who oppose
opLmates and Sullan senate
–
Supporters of Marius and Cinna
–
Many Gallic and Spanish tribes
–
Pirates and Mithridates of Pontus
•
Charisma: Robin-‐hood figure
•
In 77, Pompey sent against him & begins retaking Spain
•
72, Sertorius murdered by his own lieutenant
•
71, on way back to Rome, Pompey aids Crassus with
Spartacus & takes credit
Pompey seeks consulship
•
Pompey, successful against both Sertorius and
Spartacus, camps outside Rome with army
–
Demands Senate to allow him to stand for consulship
•
Crassus & Pompey consuls for 70 BC, even though
Pompey has never held any office (& too young)
•
Work together to dismantle Sullan consLtuLon!
–
Pompey’s breach of cursus honorum
–
Law-‐courts go back to equites
–
Tribunes reinstated
4/2/12
3
The paradox of the year 70:
•
Sulla had insLtuted new regime
–
Various discontented facLons try to overturn Sullan
regime: Lepidus, Sertorius, Spartacus
–
But Senate’s generals crush revolts
•
Eventually those very generals (two of Sulla’s
former men) manage to undo Sulla’s dream
•
What does Pompey want?
–
Like Marius, just victories and glory: no other ideal
•
Didn’t aspire to one-‐man rule, but transgressive
acLons sLll paved way for rise of sole ruler
Pompey Away in the East
•
67 BC: Tribunes get Pompey command of enLre Med. to
subdue pirates
–
270 warships + 100,000 soldiers
–
Brilliant campaign: in just 3 months– pirates gone
•
And then? Pompey wants another war!
–
74-‐67 BC: Lucullus defeaLng Mithridates of Pontus
–
66 BC: Lucullus’ command given to Pompey
•
Pompey finishes war and…
•
-‐ Conquers Armenia and Syria; captures Jerusalem
•
-‐ Sets up client kings all over East; creates provinces;
makes laws; founds towns– like Alexander
Meanwhile at Rome in the 60’s?
•
Pompey’s shadow over Rome: Another Sulla??
•
Crassus schemes to corner land-‐market in Italy
–
so that Pompey will need to negoLate with
him to find his veterans land
•
64-‐3 CaLline’s conspiracy
–
Cicero (at first a hero, then at risk)
–
senate debate sets up Caesar vs. Cato
Pompey Returns: 62 BC
•
Pompey returns peacefully and disbands army
Has only two needs:
1) for the Senate to raLfy his acLons in the East
2) Land for his veterans
But OpLmates within Senate refuse (esp. Cato)…
•
Senate delays response to Pompey’s requests
–
Big mistake!
•
Senate also blocks ambiLons of Caesar, who
asks for Triumph a9er victories in Spain
–
Even bigger mistake!
4/2/12
4
Caesar (100-‐44)
•
Caesar allies himself w/ both Pompey & Crassus
•
60 BC: “1
st
triumvirate”—promise of friendship
•
Why would these three men team up? Don’t
they hate each other?
–
Caesar needs consulship
–
Pompey needs land & raLficaLon of acLons
in East
–
Crassus needs help geong publicani out of
bad contract with the Senate
•
Pompey marries Caesar’s daughter, Julia
Year 59
•
Caesar elected consul for 59
–
RaLfies Pompey’s Eastern acLviLes & gets
land to Pompey’s vets
–
remission of contract price for Crassus’
publicani friends
–
Secures himself pro-‐consular command in
Gaul for 5 years
•
Caesar’s methods?
–
abuses consular colleague, Bibulus
–
bypasses Senate– popularis behavior
What do we call this agreement between
Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar?
•
Amici;a (friendship)? 1
st
triumvirate?
conspiracy? DominaLon? beginning of civil
war?
“3 men, backed by armed force, by the urban
populace and by many of the Equites, imposed
their will on the State and destroyed the
power of the Senate … The State and
consLtuLon were now at the mercy of dynasts
who strove for power and dignitas.”
53 BC: Crassus killed
trying to conquer
Parthia
Meanwhile:
Pompey tries to keep
order at Rome
58 BC: Caesar goes to
conquer Gaul
Julia dies in childbirth
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