Resourceful opportunistic



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RESOURCEFUL

  • RESOURCEFUL

  • OPPORTUNISTIC

  • IMPUDENT/BOLD

  • FORTUNATE

  • COERCIVE

  • “ He asked Sulla to bear in mind the fact that more people worshipped the rising sun than the setting sun…” Plutarch





“That someone of extreme youthfulness, who held no public office, should raise an army in a time of national crisis was innovation. Yet that is what Pompeius did.” Cicero.

  • “That someone of extreme youthfulness, who held no public office, should raise an army in a time of national crisis was innovation. Yet that is what Pompeius did.” Cicero.





  • “it was totally unprecedented when two eminent and gallant consuls were available, for a Roman knight to be sent out with consular powers…all the same he was sent.” Cicero.



He was “elected to a consulship actually before he had the legal right to hold any office at all.” Cicero.

  • He was “elected to a consulship actually before he had the legal right to hold any office at all.” Cicero.

  • Refused to take a provincial command after his year as consul.



The changes made to the Sullan constitution in 70BC weakened the Senates position;

  • The changes made to the Sullan constitution in 70BC weakened the Senates position;

  • Power of the tribunes were restored

  • The courts were reconstituted so that the Senate had only one third of the places

  • Power of the censor was revived. Sixty four senators were removed and new ones from the equestrian order were admitted

  • Citizenship granted to wider areas of Italy which meant that there were masses of new voters not bound by previous patron client obligations







According to Plutarch Lucullus accuses Pompey of “ ….following his usual custom of settling down, like some crazed carrion bird, on the bodies that had been killed by others and tearing to pieces the scattered remains of wars.”

  • According to Plutarch Lucullus accuses Pompey of “ ….following his usual custom of settling down, like some crazed carrion bird, on the bodies that had been killed by others and tearing to pieces the scattered remains of wars.”

  • To what and whom is Lucullus referring ?



Read Cicero’s speech and discuss Cicero’s view of Pompey. Consider a variety of possible reasons for Cicero supporting the Lex Manilia

  • Read Cicero’s speech and discuss Cicero’s view of Pompey. Consider a variety of possible reasons for Cicero supporting the Lex Manilia

  • To what extent does Cicero’s support of an unconstitutional command undermine the Cursus Honorum ?

  • Who carries the blame; Manilius, Pompey, Cicero, the Senate as a whole ?



Imperium infinitum for 3 years.

  • Imperium infinitum for 3 years.

  • Pirates - powers over the whole Mediterranean and 50 miles inland, unlimited funds, men and ships.

  • Mithridates - permission to make war or peace on his own initiative.

  • Takes command of all forces under Lucullus as well as his own existing army









Pompey’s Eastern settlement consolidated Rome’s empire and added 480 million sesterces in war spoils to the Roman treasury. It raised Rome’s annual revenue from tribute by 70 percent.

  • Pompey’s Eastern settlement consolidated Rome’s empire and added 480 million sesterces in war spoils to the Roman treasury. It raised Rome’s annual revenue from tribute by 70 percent.

  • Pompey became a patron for the provincials in their dealings with Rome and he increased his clientale which was to prove vital for his role in the civil war

  • Although Pompey was the preeminent man in Rome, he wanted and needed the backing of the optimates in order to gain land for his veterans and to have his innumerable arrangements in the east ratified. To allay fears, Pompey had disbanded his army to prove to the optimates that he had no intention of overthrowing the government, but the Senate mood was still hostile.



Pompey had alienated Metellus Celer, the consul designate for 60BC, by divorcing his wife Mucia. Pompey hoped to marry into the family of Cato, who was the optimates spokesman ,however Cato had refused, according to Plutarch, he thought “ it was a form of bribery and the whole scheme an attempt to corrupt him”.

  • Pompey had alienated Metellus Celer, the consul designate for 60BC, by divorcing his wife Mucia. Pompey hoped to marry into the family of Cato, who was the optimates spokesman ,however Cato had refused, according to Plutarch, he thought “ it was a form of bribery and the whole scheme an attempt to corrupt him”.

  • Lucullus who had been treated badly by Pompey in Asia, was encouraged to take a more active part in politics now that Pompey was back in Rome, and he began by attacking Pompey’s arrangements in the East.



He was in total control of “all ports and trading centres, with authority to arrange the distribution of foodstuffs” Plutarch.

  • He was in total control of “all ports and trading centres, with authority to arrange the distribution of foodstuffs” Plutarch.

  • This command “made Pompey once again virtually the master of all Roman possessions by sea and land.” Plutarch.



Consulships within 3 years of each other.

  • Consulships within 3 years of each other.

  • Spain governed in absentia, given a five year command instead of the usual one year.

  • Given sole consulship by Senate.

  • Spanish command extended for a further five years.









Proconsular imperium with control over all military forces in Italy.

  • Proconsular imperium with control over all military forces in Italy.

  • “The power and glory he enjoyed had been earned by state services and military achievements of the highest importance and by the most signal military achievements.” Cicero.



With Sulla ( Optimate)

  • With Sulla ( Optimate)

  • With Crassus ( Poulare)

  • Against pirates &Mithridates ( Optimate, Senates golden haired boy)

  • With Caesar ( Populare)

  • Against Caesar ( Dead Optimate)



Propraetorian command against Marians and Lepidus.

  • Propraetorian command against Marians and Lepidus.

  • Proconsular command against Sertorius.

  • Two ‘illegal’ triumphs.

  • Too young for first consulship, had never held any office

  • Exceptional imperium given in command against pirates.



Imperium of corn supplier overlapped all others.

  • Imperium of corn supplier overlapped all others.

  • Second consulship gained by preventing elections.

  • Five year command of Spain governed through legates.

  • Appointed as sole consul, only 3 years since last consulship, retained command of Spain

  • Appointment against Caesar with imperium over all military forces in Italy.



In Sulla’s lifetime, due to Pompey’s insubordination

  • In Sulla’s lifetime, due to Pompey’s insubordination

  • After his death, to the revolt of Lepidus and the Senates nomination of Pompey to proconsular Imperium

  • To the unleashing of the tribunate and the restoration of the veto

  • To the partial restoration of the courts to equite control

  • To the unprecedented and limitless Imperium, granted through the Lex Gabinia and Lex Manilia

  • To the formation of the First Triumvirate, a combined effort of private influences to secure private ambitions, against the Senate’s will.





The “trouble with Pompeius [was that] he didn’t want anyone to be his equal in dignity.” Caesar.

  • The “trouble with Pompeius [was that] he didn’t want anyone to be his equal in dignity.” Caesar.

  • “The abilities of Gnaeus Pompeius are too vast for any words to do them justice…Pompeius excels all other generals we have ever seen or heard of.” Cicero.



the ancient biographer Plutarch painted him: the novus homo son of a much-hated provincial war-lord who sought redemptive public acclaim, no matter how undignified his attempts, in any sphere of public life he could make his mark?

  • the ancient biographer Plutarch painted him: the novus homo son of a much-hated provincial war-lord who sought redemptive public acclaim, no matter how undignified his attempts, in any sphere of public life he could make his mark?

  • “His pursuit of glory, as they say, always took an unusual course.”

  • “Fortune somehow or other managed to give Pompey a share.”

  • Pompey “would merely reap the honour of triumph rather than undertake the difficulties of war.” (On the Mithridates command)



“Many historians have suggested that Pompey was, in spite of everything, politically unaware of the fact that the Optimates, including Cato, were merely using him against Caesar so that, with Caesar destroyed, they could then dispose of him.

  • “Many historians have suggested that Pompey was, in spite of everything, politically unaware of the fact that the Optimates, including Cato, were merely using him against Caesar so that, with Caesar destroyed, they could then dispose of him.

  • He was a hero of the Republic, who seemed once to hold the Roman world in his palm only to be brought low by his own weak judgment and Caesar's indomitability. Pompey was idealized as a tragic hero almost immediately after Pharsalus and his murder: Plutarch portrayed him as a Roman Alexander the Great, pure of heart and mind, destroyed by the cynical ambitions of those around him”

  • Robin Seager; Pompey, A Political Biography



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