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Name: ________________________ Period: ________ Date: ________
Directions: Annotate the following article 1-Highlight or Underline the main ideas. 2-Circle important vocabulary terms. 3- Write at least 10 questions/connections in the margins.
Nov. 10, 1999: Metric Math Mistake Muffed Mars Meteorology Mission

By Lisa Grossman (November 10, 2010)


1999: A disaster investigation board reports that NASA’s Mars Climate Orbiter burned up in the Martian atmosphere because engineers failed to convert units from English to metric.
The $125 million satellite was supposed to be the first weather observer on another world. But as it approached the red planet to slip into a stable orbit Sept. 23, the orbiter vanished. Scientists realized quickly it was gone for good.

“It was pretty clear that morning, within half-an-hour, that the spacecraft had more or less hit the top of the atmosphere and burned up,” recalled NASA engineer Richard Cook, who was project manager for Mars exploration projects at the time.

A NASA review board found that the problem was in the software controlling the orbiter’s thrusters. The software calculated the force the thrusters needed to exert in pounds of force. A separate piece of software took in the data assuming it was in the metric unit: newtons.

“The units thing has become the lore, the example in every kid’s textbook from that point on,” Cook said. “Everyone was amazed we didn’t catch it.”

There had been warning signs, the mishap board found. En route to Mars, the spacecraft had to make 10 to 14 times more minor adjustments than engineers expected. And the last few signals from the orbiter indicated that it was dipping dangerously low into the Martian atmosphere, about 105 miles lower than it was supposed to go.

Ultimately, the Mars Climate Orbiter came within 37 miles of the Martian surface. Simulations showed that, at any altitude lower than 53 miles, atmospheric friction would tear the fragile craft apart.


The whole thing could be written off as a miscommunication. Propulsion engineers, like those at Lockheed Martin who built the craft, typically express force in pounds, but it was standard practice to convert to newtons for space missions. One pound of force is about 4.45 newtons. Engineers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab assumed the conversion had been made, and didn’t check.

But there was an underlying issue in the culture of NASA’s space exploration at the time, Cook said.



“‘Better, faster, cheaper’ was the mantra at the time,” Cook said. “Certainly that project was trying to do a whole lot for a limited amount of money.”

Questions

  1. What went wrong in the Mars Climate Orbiter mission?



  1. Explain the meaning of the line “there was an underlying issue in the culture of NASA’s space exploration at the time” that lead to the mission failure. (What was the underlying issue?)



  1. In your own words, explain why it is important to use correct metric units.

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