The History of Technology a concise history of technology dating back to the invention of the first computer



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The History of Technology

  • A concise history of technology dating back to the invention of the first computer.


How far back do you remember?

  • Calculators

  • Typewriters

  • Pellegrino Turri 1808

  • Malling Hansen 1870 (pin cushion)

  • Christopher Sholes 1874 – QWERTY system



1936

  • 1936 Z1 mechanical only calculator/binary computer

  • 1939 Z-2: first fully functioning electro- mechanical computer

  • 1941 World’s first, electronic, fully programmable computer Z-3



1939-1942

  • Atanasoff “The Forgotten Father of the Computer”

  • 1939 first electronical, digital computer prototype

  • granted $850 to build first full-scale computer which was desk sized and weighed 700 lbs.

  • 300 vacuum tubes and 1 mile of wire

  • Performed 1 operation in 15 seconds



1944

  • Mark I computer: IBM’s first in conjunction with Harvard

  • 55’ long by 8’ high

  • Weighed 5 tons

  • Contained 760,000 separate pieces

  • Considered slow: took 3-5 seconds for manipulation



1946

  • took 1 yr. to design and 18 mos. to build

  • $500,000 tax dollars and war was over

  • programmed with plug boards and switches

  • 5,000 operations per second

  • 1,800 sq. ft of space, 30 tons

  • 160 kilowatts of power -brown outs in Philedelphia



1947

  • Williams Tube

  • Sir Frederick Douglas and Tom Kilburn created vacuum tube

  • Painted dots and dashes (1,0) on tube to program computer

  • Provided large amount of random access memory



1948-1949

    • 1948
    • Tom Kilburn built “The Baby”
    • 1949
    • Z-4 smuggled to Switzerland
    • Used until 1955
    • Mechanical memory of 1,024 wires


1950

  • Remington Rand bought Ecker-Mauchly Corporation

  • Changed name to UNIVAC division of Remington Rand

  • UNIVAC predicted election results between

  • Eisenhower, Stevenson

  • ERA 1101 (Engineering Research Associates) first commercially produced computer – US Navy



1953

  • Jay Forrester (MIT): magnetic core memory

  • IBM developed 701EDPM: first commercially successful general purpose computer

  • Aid in Korean war effort as defense calculator

  • 19 EDPM’s produced

  • Rented for $15,000 a month



1954

  • John Backus: first high level programming language

  • FORTRAN remains top language in scientific and mathematical applications

  • Video games, air traffic control systems, payroll calculations



1955

  • 11:45pm on Oct. 2, ENIAC retired

  • AT&T Bell: first fully transistorized computer TRADIC

  • Contained 800 transistors instead of vacuum tubes

  • Transistors: cold, high efficiency amplifying devices invented at Bell Lab.

  • Used only 100 watts or 1/20th power of vacuum tube computers



1956

  • First general purpose, programmable computer built with transistors

  • Hosted early imaginative tests:

  • Western movie shown on TV

  • 3-D tic-tac-toe

  • Maze which mouse found martinis and became inebriated



1958

  • Jack Kilby



1960



1961

  • First commercially IC’s available

  • All computers now made using IC

  • Original IC size of pinkie with 1 transistor

  • Today’s IC’s smaller than penny with 125 million transistors



1962-1964

  • Steve Russell: “Spacewar”

  • Douglas Engelbart: created more user friendly computers

  • Engelbart: invented the computer mouse to use with windows (not patentable)



1969

  • Grandfather to Internet

  • Four computers involved

  • UCLA and Stanford’s first attempt failed

  • Resulted in better protocol called Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (1982)



ARPnet continued…

  • E-mail: (1971)

  • Telnet: remote connection for controlling computer(1972)

  • File Transfer (FTP): allowed information to be sent in bulk (1973)



1973 (or 1976?)

  • Robert Metcalfe (Xerox)

  • Several computers connected within one building

  • Motivated by current development of first laser printer

  • Ethernet is now most widely LAN used



1974

  • First ad for PC published in magazine

  • Ad featured Intel 8008 “Scelbi”

  • $565 with 1k of programmable memory

  • $2,760 for extra 15k of memory



1975

  • 8080 CPU, 256 byte RAM

  • “assembly required”

  • 2 programmers realized need for software:



BASIC

  • Altair kickstarted home computer revolution

  • Within 6 weeks, Allen and Gates compiled BASIC for Altair

  • BASIC required 4096 bytes of memory

  • (only 256 available)

  • 4k memory board was created but poorly designed (Bob Marsh)



1975 continued

  • Allen and Gates started Microsoft

  • IBM 5100 or “Project Mercury” released

  • first portable computer

  • $10,000 price



1976

  • 5 ¼” floppy developed by Alan Shugart for Wang Laboratories

  • Needed for desktop computers



1979

  • WordStar: first commercially successful word processing program

  • Other early word processing programs include:

  • Electric Pencil, Apple Write I, Word, Word Perfect, Scripsit, Samnna III

  • VisiCalc

  • First computer spreadsheet (ran on Apple II)

  • By fall, team wrote for Tandy, TRS-80, CommodorePET and Atari 800

  • $100

  • Sold to Lotus Development – became Lotus 1-2-3 by 1983



1981

  • IBM introduced PC with new 16 bit operating system called MS-DOS 1.0

  • 16kb of memory expandable to 256k

  • 1 or 2 160k floppy disk drives

  • Optional color monitor

  • $1,565

  • Built from shelf parts

  • IBM approached Bill Gates: suggested writing BASIC into ROM chip



1981 continued

  • Gates referred IBM to Gary Kildall for

  • CP/M (control program for microcomputers)

  • IBM returned to Gates; agreed to allow Gates to retain rights to market MS DOS

  • Graphical user interface (developed in 70’s by Xerox) now popular



1983

  • MILnet developed: too many people had access to network information

  • “The Lisa” (Apple) was first computer to use GUI

  • Cost $50 million to build, $100 million for software

  • 5 Mhz, RAM 512K-2MB, 16K ROM, Lisa I had 2 internal 871K, 5 ¼” drives

  • Lisa II and MacIntosh XL 3.5” floppy drive



1983

  • Apple’s infamous $1.5 million commercial for MacIntosh Computer

  • MacIntosh 128K:

  • 8Mhz, RAM 128k, ROM 64k

  • Weighed 16.5 lbs.

  • Cost $2,495



PRINTERS

  • 1938: Chester Carlson discovered electrophotography

  • 1949: Haloid Co. funded Carlson; later renamed to Xerox

  • 1953: first high speed printer by Remington Rand

  • 1959: Xerox 914 copier introduced (process used today)

  • 1976: Inkjet developed but takes until 1988 to become popular



PRINTERS

  • 1978

  • Xerox introduced 9700 laser printer – first commercial in world

  • Output of 120 pages per minute (still fastest)

  • 1984

  • Hewlett-Packard = LaserJet

  • 8 pages per minute

  • “all in one toner”

  • Promoted re-manufacturing industry in 1986



COMPACT DISKS

  • 1970

  • James T. Russell

  • First digital-to-optical recording and playback system

  • Idea ahead of its time

  • 1980

  • First CD player made by Russell’s own company

  • 1985

  • Philips and Sony Corporations made CD players for mass production

  • Licenses issued so disks and players compatible



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