Industrialism Begins Industrialism- New economic system
- Rely on machinery rather than animal and human power
Before industrialism most people lived in small farming villages Began in the “textile” industry
Section I: The Beginnings of Industrialization Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainNew Ways of Working- The IR greatly increases out-put of machine made goods
The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way- Enclosures – large farm fields enclosed by fences
- Wealthy landowners buy & enclose land once owned by village farmers
- Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural methods
The Beginnings of Industrialization Rotating Crops- Crop rotation – switching crops each year to avoid soil depletion
- Selective Breeding – Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve the food supply
Selective Breeding
Why did the IR begin in Britain? Britain had all of the factors of productionBritain had the necessary natural resources - Coal, iron, rivers, harbors
Expanding economy encouraged development
Changes in the Textile Industry- Flying Shuttle (1733)
- John Kay
- Doubled the work a weaver could do in a day
Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont) - Spinning Jenny (1764)
- James Hargreaves
- One spinner could work eight thread at a time
Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont) - Water Frame (1769)
- Richard Arkwright
- Machines could now be powered by water, not just hand
Inventions Spur Industrialization (cont) - Power Loom (1787)
- Edmund Cartwright
- Sped up the weaving process
Inventions Spur Industrialization Changes in the Textile Industry (cont)- Cotton Gin (1793)
- Eli Whitney
- Multiplied the amount of cotton produced
- Development of Factories
- Buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing
- First factories needed to be near rivers for water power
The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney
The First Factories
Steam Engine- Need for cheap, convenient power
- Steam becomes important source of energy
- James Watt improves the steam engine
Water Transportation- First steamboat “Clermont”
- Robert Fulton in 1807
Road Transportation- British roads are improved
- Companies operate toll roads
- Beginning of the railroad
The Railway Age Begins Railroad Revolutionize LifeThe Railroad System- Spurs industrial growth
- Creates jobs
- Provides cheaper transportation
- Boosts many industries
- Causes people move to cities
The Railway Age Begins First Railroad LineLiverpool-Manchester Line (1829)- Used Stephenson’s “Rocket”
- World’s best locomotive
II. Industrialization Industrialization Changes Life- Factory Work
- Pays more than farms
- Spurs the demand for more expensive goods
Rise of Industrial Cities- Urbanization – movement of people to city
- Population growth provides work force, markets for goods
- Major cities: London, Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham
The Working Class Living ConditionsRapid Urbanization caused:- Cities without adequate housing, education, and police protection
- Urban slums
- Disease and sickness spread quickly
- Life span is only 17 years
- Lack of sanitary & building codes
The Working Class Working Conditions- Average workday – 14-16 hours
- 6 days a week, year round
- Dirty, poorly lit factories
- Numerous injuries and death
- No health insurance
- No labor laws
- Eventually replaced by machines
- Huge population means large unemployment
The Rise of the Middle Class The Middle Class- Factories helped to create a new group of people – the middle class
- Skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, managers, and professionals
- Had a comfortable standard of living
- Looked down upon by aristocrats and landowners
Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution Immediate Benefits- Creates jobs
- Enriches nation
- Encourages technological progress
- Education expands
- Cheaper goods, including clothing
Long Term Effects- Improved standard of living
- Improved working conditions
- Increase in taxes lead to urban improvements
III. Industrialization Spreads The Rise of CorporationsStock- Limited ownership rights for company
- Sold to raise money
Corporation- Company owned by stockholders
- Share profits not debts
Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can
The Impact of Industrialization Rise of Global Inequality- Wealth gap between nations widens
- Europe & US gain economic power
- Non-industrialized nations fall further behind
- African and Asian countries lag
- Still based on agriculture
Imperialism spreads- Need for raw materials and new markets
- European nations & US exploit colonies for resources
Transformation of Society- The Middle Class gains influence and power
IV. Philosophers of Industrialization Laissez-faire Economics- Policy of not interfering with business
- “The Wealth of Nations”
- Published by Adam Smith
- Defended free markets & laissez-faire
- Economic liberty guarantees economic progress
Economic natural laws- Self-interest
- Competition
- Supply and Demand
The Economists of Capitalism Capitalism- System of privately owned businesses seeking profits
Malthus and Ricardo- Thomas Malthus
- Believed populations grew faster than the food supply
- Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result
- David Ricardo
- Saw a permanent poor underclass that provided cheap labor
Utilitarianism- Judge things by their usefulness (Bentham)
- Regulation to help workers and spread wealth (JS Mill)
Utopian Society- Established by Robert Owen
- Community that improved worker conditions and provided cheap housing
- Located in New Harmony, Indiana
The Rise of Socialism Socialism- Factors of production owned by, operated for the people
Power of the Government - Government control can end
Radical Socialism – Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Fundamental Beliefs- Society divided into warring classes
- The “haves” vs. the “have-nots”
The “haves”The “have-nots”- The workers or proletariat
Prediction- The workers will overthrow the owners
The Future According to Marx Capitalism will destroy itselfInequality would cause workers to revolt- This would lead to communism
- Society where people own and share the means of production
- What are the “means of production”?
Labor Unions and Reform Laws What is a union?- Association formed by laborers to work for change
What do they do?- Negotiate for better wages and conditions
Who were the first to do this?- Skilled workers are the first to unionize
How were they able to do this?- Movement in US and UK to fight to right to unionize
Labor Unions and Reform Laws Reform LawsLaws were passed to stop abuses of industrializationExamples of reform laws- Maximum workday
- Ending or limiting of child labor
The Reform Movement Spreads Abolition of Slavery- Reformers help to end slavery
- In British Empire (1833)
- The Americas (1888)
Fight for Women’s Rights- Pursuit of economic and social rights as early as 1848
- Founding of the International Council for Women (1888)
Other Reforms Free public education- Established in Europe by late 1800s
- Established in US by 1850s
Prison reform also sought
Nineteenth Century Progress - Thomas Edison
- Granted over 1,000 patents from his research
- Including the light bulb
Nineteenth Century Progress Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier (cont)- Alexander Graham Bell
- Invented the telephone (1876)
Nineteenth Century Progress Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier- Guglielmo Marconi
- Invented the radio (1895)
Nineteenth Century Progress Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier- Karl Benz
- Invented the automobile in 1885
- Henry Ford
- Lowers the cost of the automobile using the assembly line
Nineteenth Century Progress Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier- The Wright Brothers
- Develop the first working airplane
Nineteenth Century Progress New Ideas in Medicine- Medical research leads to
- Development of vaccines
- Improvement in sanitation
- Louis Pasteur
- Discovered the bacteria cause disease
- Joseph Lister
- Links bacteria to surgical problems
- Begins the sterilization process of tools
Nineteenth Century Progress New Ideas in Science- Beginning of numerous branches:
- Archeology
- study of society through material remains
- Sociology
- study of people and societies
- Anthropology
- study of the origin, the behavior, and development of humans
- Psychology
Nineteenth Century Progress New Ideas in Science- Charles Darwin
- Theory of Evolution
- Gradually over time species evolve
- Gregor Mendel
- Discovers patterns to inherited traits
- Begins the science of genetics
Nineteenth Century Progress New Ideas in Science (cont)- John Dalton
- Theorizes that all matter is made of atoms
- Dmitri Mendeleev
- Creates Periodic Table of the Elements
- Marie and Pierre Curie
- Discover radioactivity
- Marie becomes the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize (Science)
Nineteenth Century Progress New Ideas in Science (cont)- Ivan Pavlov
- Human actions are unconscious reactions
- Sigmund Freud
- Studied the unconscious mind
Nineteenth Century Progress Development of Mass Culture- 1800s saw the creation of
- Movie Theaters
- Professional Sports
THE
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