What is the role of feedback in climate formation? Answer: Feedback mechanisms amplify the effects of temperature changes in climate formation

1. 
   What is the role of feedback in climate formation? Answer: Feedback mechanisms amplify the effects of temperature changes in climate formation. For example, rising temperatures increase moisture in the air, intensifying the greenhouse effect, which further raises temperatures.
   
2. 
   Explain the concept of albedo and its impact on climate. Answer: Albedo refers to the reflectivity of Earth's surface. When temperatures drop below normal, increased snow and ice cover shift to lower latitudes, raising Earth's albedo and reducing solar radiation absorption, thereby lowering temperatures.
   
3. 
   How much has the average annual temperature on Earth increased in the last century, according to the 4th IPCC report? Answer: The 4th IPCC report states that the average annual temperature on Earth has increased by 0.8°C over the last century.
   
4. 
   What portion of excess energy on Earth is attributed to anthropogenic factors, according to the lecture? Answer: The lecture mentions that 4/5 of the excess energy on Earth, contributing to temperature rise, is of anthropogenic origin.
   
5. 
   Which gases are considered Heat-Promoting Gases (GHGs) in the upper troposphere? Answer: Heat-Promoting Gases in the upper troposphere include carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen oxide.
   
6. 
   What has been the change in methane gas concentration in the last 100 years? Answer: The concentration of methane gas has increased by 2 times in the last 100 years.
   
7. 
   How does the increase in hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere affect climate change? Answer: The rapid increase in hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere, starting in the 1950s, contributes to climate change.
   
8. 
   What are Dangerous Hydrometeorological Events, and how have they changed in the last decade? Answer: Dangerous Hydrometeorological Events, such as floods, storms, and hurricanes, have increased in frequency and amplitude in the last 10 years due to uneven distribution of excess energy.
   
9. 
   In the past century, how much has the average annual temperature increased in Azerbaijan, and what regional variations exist? Answer: In the past century, the average annual temperature in Azerbaijan has increased by 0.4-1.3°C, with variations across different regions.
   
10. 
    What causes the increase in floods in small mountain rivers in Azerbaijan in recent years? Answer: The increase in floods in small mountain rivers in Azerbaijan in recent years is caused by falling monthly rainfall norms within a few days.
    
11. 
    According to climate change scenarios, what is expected for the Earth's average temperature by 2100? Answer: According to climate change scenarios, the Earth's average temperature is expected to increase by 2°C by 2100.
    
12. 
    What impact could a 2°C increase in average temperature have on glaciers, according to Hedley Center research? Answer: A 2°C increase in average temperature could lead to a further 3-7°C rise in temperatures further north, accelerating glacier melting.
    
13. 
    Which regions are identified as the most vulnerable to climate change, according to Hedley Center research? Answer: North America, Western Europe, the Indo-China Peninsula, some areas of the African continent, and islands in the oceans are identified as the most vulnerable regions to climate change.
    
14. 
    What is the priority issue for Azerbaijan in dealing with climate change, as mentioned in the lecture? Answer: Establishing an automated system for early warning of dangerous hydrometeorological events is a priority issue for Azerbaijan in adapting to climate change.
    
15. 
    Name the most important climate-creating factors discussed in the lecture. Answer: Solar radiation, atmospheric circulation, and surface cover are the most important climate-creating factors discussed in the lecture.
    
16. 
    How are cloudiness and temperature related in the climate-forming process? Answer: Cloudiness, which affects the thermal regime of the atmosphere and the Earth's surface by blocking direct sunlight, is closely related to temperature in the climate-forming process.
    
17. 
    How does the geographic distribution of precipitation on Earth relate to climate formation? Answer: The geographic distribution of precipitation on Earth is directly influenced by the moisture cycle, temperature regime of the atmosphere, and active surface conditions, all of which are key components of climate formation.
    
18. 
    What is the significance of air circulation in climate formation? Answer: Air circulation, driven by the uneven distribution of solar heat, plays a crucial role in transferring heat and humidity between different zones on Earth's surface, contributing to climate formation.
    
19. 
    What causes the exchange of air masses between high latitudes and low latitudes in the atmosphere? Answer: The temperature difference between high and low latitudes creates a pressure difference, leading to the exchange of air masses between these regions in the atmosphere.
    
20. 
    How does the Earth's shape and its rotation influence the distribution of solar radiation? Answer: The Earth's spherical shape, rotation, axial tilt, and the state of the atmospheric layer all contribute to the uneven distribution of solar radiation, affecting climate and weather patterns.
    
21. 
    Describe the climate in areas located between the northern and southern tropics. Answer: Areas between the tropics receive the most heat from the sun, resulting in a warm tropical climate.
    
22. 
    What is the annual amount of total solar radiation in tropical areas? Answer: The annual amount of total solar radiation in tropical areas ranges from 140 to 220 kcal/cm2.
    
23. 
    How does the angle of incidence of the sun's rays vary with geographic latitudes? Answer: The angle of incidence of the sun's rays decreases along geographic latitudes, reaching a minimum level in polar areas and polar circles, where it varies between 50-80 kcal/cm2, resulting in a cold polar climate.
    
24. 
    What are the main factors responsible for the uneven distribution of solar radiation on Earth's surface? Answer: The uneven distribution of solar radiation is influenced by Earth's shape, rotation, axial tilt, and the state of the atmospheric layer that transmits solar radiation.
    
25. 
    How do land and water surfaces influence climate differently? Answer: Land and water surfaces have distinct effects on climate. For example, land surfaces heat and cool more quickly than water, leading to variations in climate.
    
26. 
    What role does surface cover play in the formation of air masses? Answer: Surface cover, such as forests or bare land, influences the characteristics of air masses formed over it, contributing to climate differences.
    
27. 
    How does the presence of snow and ice impact the climate of an area? Answer: Snow and ice cover have a significant cooling effect on the climate of an area due to their high reflectivity.
    
28. 
    What causes air to rise, leading to cloud formation and precipitation? Answer: Air rising, necessary for cloud formation and precipitation, occurs primarily in the process of the general circulation of the atmosphere, driven by heat and moisture advection.
    
29. 
    Which climate-forming factor has the greatest share in shaping Earth's climate? Answer: Solar radiation has the greatest share in shaping Earth's climate, as it is the primary source of energy that drives climate-forming processes.
    
30. 
    How does the distribution of solar radiation on Earth vary with latitude? Answer: Solar radiation is unevenly distributed with latitude, leading to different heating patterns and climate zones.
    
31. 
    What causes the exchange of air masses in the atmosphere? Answer: The exchange of air masses in the atmosphere is driven by differences in temperature and pressure, particularly between high and low latitudes.
    
32. 
    How does the general circulation of the atmosphere affect cloud formation? Answer: The general circulation of the atmosphere influences cloud formation by moving air masses and water vapor from one place to another, affecting moisture and temperature conditions.
    
33. 
    Why does the climate of mountainous areas differ from that of plains? Answer: Mountainous areas have distinct climate patterns due to differences in elevation, terrain, and the influence of mountain ranges on air masses.
    
34. 
    How does vegetation impact climate in a given region? Answer: The presence or absence of vegetation affects climate in a region by influencing surface temperature, moisture levels, and air circulation.
    
35. 
    Explain how the heating and cooling of the troposphere are influenced by Earth's surface. Answer: The heating and cooling of the troposphere are influenced by the temperature of the Earth's surface. Land and water surfaces heat and cool at different rates, affecting air temperature.
    
36. 
    What role does solar energy play in atmospheric circulation? Answer: Solar energy is the primary source of energy that drives atmospheric circulation, leading to the movement of air masses and the formation of climate patterns.
    
37. 
    How does the Earth's shape and its axial tilt contribute to climate variability? Answer: The Earth's shape, axial tilt, and rotation contribute to variations in solar radiation distribution and climate patterns across different latitudes.
    
38. 
    What is the primary function of the sun's radiant energy in climate formation? Answer: The sun's radiant energy is the primary source of heat energy on Earth, driving climate formation by causing uneven heating of the Earth's surface.
    
39. 
    What causes the formation of different types of climate zones on Earth? Answer: The uneven distribution of solar radiation on Earth's surface leads to different types of climate zones, influencing flora, fauna, and climate characteristics.
    
40. 
    How does the pressure difference created by temperature variations influence air circulation? Answer: Temperature differences create pressure variations, which in turn drive air circulation, leading to the exchange of air masses and the general circulation of the atmosphere.