Wp25: Interoperability and Intelligibility



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WP25: Interoperability and Intelligibility (FINAL REPORT)

Version 0.1 (Nov 15, 2014)


Start month

End month

Deliverables

M20

M33

D25.1 Interoperability Objectives and Approaches (M26)

D25.2 Interoperability Strategies (M33)




Objectives and Deliverables
This WP started on August 2012 and ended on September 2013. According to the DoW the objective of this WP is to produce two deliverables:

  • D25.1 (M26): Collecting interoperability objectives from various initiatives and partners and producing a matrix of solutions and guidelines that can guide the reader to the multi-dimensional and complex landscape of interoperability in digital preservation.

  • D25.2 (M33): Analyzing the main intelligibility objectives (based on the previous deliverable) through a dependency point of view for proposing a modelling approach that can automate task-performability checking and thus assist usability and preservation planning.



Progress and Achievements
At M24 the deliverable D25.1 was delivered and was subject of the previous review. D25.1 was approved and considered successful by the reviewers in delivering all its objectives.

In Y3 the activities related to the production of D25.2 proceeded according to the work plan and covered the main objectives stated in the DoW. In addition a prototype system (Epimenides) has been designed and developed for demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed approach and for disseminating the results. At M33 the deliverable D25.2 was delivered and was subject of the previous review. D25.2 was approved and considered successful by the reviewers. In brief the main achievements, also reported in D25.2, are:



  • We advanced past rule-based approaches for dependency management (for digital preservation) for capturing also converters and emulators.

  • We demonstrated how this modelling allows performing the desired reasoning and thus enables offering more advanced digital preservation services. These services could greatly reduce the human effort required for checking (or periodically monitoring) whether a task on a digital object is performable.

  • A prototype system (called Epimenides) that is based on this approach has been developed and is web accessible1. An evaluation of its usability has been conducted.

  • The applicability of the approach has been investigated over the practices of some APARSEN partners (e.g. DANS) for collecting concrete feedback (e.g. on its functionalities, implementation requirements, exploitation) and provide evidence of the potential benefits of the approach in real contexts of use.


Related Activities in Y4
In Y4 we carried out activities for improving, consolidating and disseminating the achieved results. Specifically:


  • Preparation of training material

    • PowerPoint presentations with audio and related exercises. The topics covered in these presentations include: usability and intelligibility of digital objects, interoperability objectives, services, and strategies, the identification of the designated community, the dependency management approach and its application in the prototype Epimenides.

  • Presentations of the work done in training events and workshop

    • APARSEN workshop at LIBER 43rd Annual Conference, Riga, 2-5 July.

    • Digital Preservation Advanced Practitioner Course, Vienna, 7-11 July 2014.

    • Training event on Access and Usability in Digital Preservation, Florence, 17-18 September 2014.

  • Continuation and improvement of the system Epimenides

    • Various improvements for usability

    • Case study of using Epimenides for DANS, the results of this collaboration were presented in a paper (listed below)

  • Publications of research papers in well-known conferences and journals.

    • Y. Tzitzikas, Y. Kargakis and Y. Marketakis, Assisting Digital Interoperability and Preservation through Advanced Dependency Reasoning, International Journal on Digital Libraries, Special Issue on Semantic Digital Archives (accepted for publication in 2014).

    • Y. Kargakis, Y. Tzitzikas and René van Horik, Epimenidis: Interoperability Reasoning for Digital Preservation, 11th International Conference on Preservation of Digital Objects (iPRES 2014), Melbourne, Australia, October 2014.

    • Yannis Kargakis and Yannis Tzitzikas, Epimenides: An Information System offering Automated Reasoning for the Needs of Digital Preservation, Demo paper, Digital Libraries 2014, ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2014), London, UK, September 2014


Contribution to the Common Vision (based on the concluding section of D25.2)
The proposed methodology (and its initial implementation) can contribute to the creation of a coherent approach for handling interoperability dependencies as part of the seamless integration of DP processes and practices within the CoE. Digital objects and digital collections should remain usable, i.e. one (human or artificial agent) should be able to understand and use the digital material now as in future. This is closely related to the aspect of interoperability; digital preservation has been termed “interoperability with the future”2. Each interoperability objective or challenge (like those that were listed in APARSEN D25.1) can be considered as a kind of demand for the performability of a particular task (or tasks). We can identify various tasks, which in many cases are layered. Examples of tasks include: rendering (for images), compiling and running (for software), getting the provenance and context (for datasets), etc. In every case each task for being performed has various prerequisites (e.g. operating system, tools, software libraries, parameters, representation information etc). We call all these dependencies. The definition and adoption of standards (for data and services), aids interoperability because it is more probable to have (now and in the future) systems and tools that support these standards, than having systems and tools that support proprietary formats. From a dependency point of view, standardization essentially reduces the dependencies and makes them more easily resolvable; it does not vanish dependencies. In all cases (standardization or not), we cannot achieve interoperability when the involved parties are not aware of the dependencies of the exchanged artifacts. However, the ultimate objective is the ability to perform a task, not the compliance to a standard, nor the availability of extra information. Even if a digital object is not compliant to a standard, there may be tools and processes that enable the performance of a task on that object. As the scale and complexity of information assets and systems evolves towards overwhelming the capability of human archivists and curators (either system administrators, programmers and designers), it is important to aid this task, by offering services that can check whether it is feasible to perform a task over a digital object. For example, a series of conversions and emulations could make feasible the execution of software written in 1986 software on a 2013 platform. The process of checking whether this is feasible or not could be too complex for a human and this is where automated reasoning services, could contribute, because such services could greatly reduce the human effort required for periodically checking (monitoring) whether a task on a digital object is performable. Towards this vision, the APARSEN deliverable D25.2 introduced an advancement of the past rule-based approaches for dependency management for capturing converters and emulators, and demonstrated that the proposed modeling enables the desired reasoning regarding task performability, which in turn could greatly reduce the human effort required for periodically checking or monitoring whether a task on an archived digital object is performable. The proposed approach was validated by implementing the prototype system Epimenides that realizes the approach and demonstrates the proposed functionality. The system is web accessible. Its implementation is based on W3C standards, and its Knowledge Base contains information about all MIME types and indicative tasks. Since it is based on Semantic Web technologies it can be straightforwardly enriched with information coming from other external sources (i.e. other SPARQL endpoints). In any case we should stress that the methodology presented is general and can be used for extending the modelled tasks, modules, converters and emulators, in order to capture the desired requirements. For cases where the considered modules have internal and known structure, e.g. as in the case of formally expressed community knowledge (vocabularies, taxonomies, ontologies and semantically described datasets), instead of considering each such module as an atom (undivided element), the internal structure can be exploited for computing more refined gaps. If furthermore, this internal structure is represented using Semantic Web Languages (RDF/S, OWL), which currently form the lingua franca for structured content, then one can apply general purpose (application independent) RDF diff tools (tools that compute the difference between two RDF/S Knowledge Bases), for computing more refined gaps. To this end, the deliverable D25.2 reported some recent contributions that we have made on such tools that concern the management of blank nodes.
Contribution to the CoE
The methodology for capturing, modeling, managing and exploiting the various interoperability dependencies can be considered as a significant contribution to the CoE:

  • expertise in designing and realizing novel inference services for task-performability, risk-detection and for computing intelligibility gaps.

  • the implemented system (which is already web accessible) can be used for disseminating the results of this work, as well as for investigating and planning future operational applications of this approach, either in the context of single organizations (e.g. the DANS case), or in the context of the CoE (e.g. as an advanced semantic registry).


Publications
In terms of peer-reviewed conferences, 7 papers have been published in referred international journals (1) conferences (6) have been published so far



  1. Y. Tzitzikas, Y. Marketakis and Y. Kargakis, Conversion and Emulation-aware Dependency Reasoning for Curation Services, Proceedings of the 9th Annual International Conference on Digital Preservation (iPres2012), Oct. 2012, Toronto.

  2. Y. Tzitzikas, C. Lantzaki and D. Zeginis, Blank Node Matching and RDF/S Comparison Functions, Proceedings of the 11th International Semantic Web Conference ((ISWC'12)), Nov 2012, Boston, USA.

  3. C. Lantzaki, Y. Tzitzikas and D. Zeginis, Demonstrating Blank Node Matching and RDF/S Comparison Functions, Demo at the 11th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC'12), Nov 2012, Boston, USA.

  4. B. Bazzanella and Y. Tzitzikas, Interoperability Objectives and Approaches, Results form the APARSEN NoE, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Preservation of Digital Objects (iPRES2013), 2-6 September, Lisbon, Portugal.

  5. Y. Kargakis, Y. Tzitzikas and René van Horik, Epimenidis: Interoperability Reasoning for Digital Preservation, 11th International Conference on Preservation of Digital Objects (iPRES 2014), Melbourne, Australia, October 2014.

  6. Yannis Kargakis and Yannis Tzitzikas, Epimenides: An Information System offering Automated Reasoning for the Needs of Digital Preservation, Demo paper, Digital Libraries 2014, ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2014), London, UK, September 2014

  7. Y. Tzitzikas, Y. Kargakis and Y. Marketakis, Assisting Digital Interoperability and Preservation through Advanced Dependency Reasoning, International Journal on Digital Libraries, Special Issue on Semantic Digital Archives (accepted for publication in 2014).



Past (Y3) Dissemination Activities
Apart from the technical work, various dissemination activities were carried out:

  • The results of D25.1 have been presented in iPres2013

  • The results of the D25.1 about interoperability initiatives, approaches and solutions feed into the APARSEN Standards and Projects Register which is publicly available at http://fenugreek.fernuni-hagen.de:8080/StandardsWeb/home/standardsRegister.xhtml

  • Earlier versions of D25.2 have been communicated to partners outside APARSEN (DLR, U of Jacobs), who participated to the usability testing of Epimenides

  • A web page for the system Epimenides has been created.

  • Dissemination and training material has been prepared and was presented in the Webinar on Interoperability and Intelligibility on Nov 2013

  • The work done was based and considered the results of past projects (e.g. CASPAR, KEEP), and was harmonized with the activities of other ongoing projects (SCIDIP-ES)

Related Links

  • D25.2

    • http://www.alliancepermanentaccess.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/APARSEN-REP-D25_2-01-1_7.pdf

  • System Epimenides, www.ics.forth.gr/isl/epimenides/

  • Wiki page of WP25: http://aparsen.digitalpreservation.eu/bin/view/Main/ApanWp25



1 www.ics.forth.gr/isl/epimenides/

2 The Digital Curation Centre: a Vision for Digital Curation, http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_113626_en.pdf


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