A comparative evaluation of tree species in different geographical elevations in Provo, Utah

How Quickly Cucurbita pepo Rot Based on Temperature and Exposure to Interior.

Allyson Poaletti, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, 2210 Hinckley Hall, Provo, UT 84604. Email: [e-mail]

Abstract
I tested the amount of time it takes for the average pie pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo, to rot in different environments: carved verses not carved. I purchased pumpkins grown in the Western United States in Prosser, WA by Fewel Farms. I tested these pie pumpkins, Cucurbita pepo, in Provo, Utah in the fall weather. I carved three pumpkins and left three uncut. I determined the temperature every night for ten days to see the extent the rot would infect the Cucurbita pepo. I took pictures over the course of the ten days showing the progression in the rot. Based on observations, Cucurbita pepo rot more quickly when carved, and when in warmer temperatures.

KeyWords: Cucurbita pepo, rot, exposure, temperature, interior

The Effect of Large Particulate Matter on the Growth Rate of Digitaria sanguinalis

Evan P. Pratt, 1217 May Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

In this study, I examined what would occur if larger grain sediment were spread over patches of grass. I predicted that the sample not covered with sediment would out-perform the other two by a margin of 37.2%. This was validated when I examined the data and concluded that the dirt sample grew 10% less than the control and the sand 39% less. In the paper, I offer several possible explanations for the decreased growth rate, deciding that the density of the sand is the main obstacle it represents.

Key Words: Sediment, grass, density

Sunlight vs. Synthetic Lighting: The Effects of Various Light Sources on Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus)

Chelsea Purcell, 101 A. Richards Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]
Abstract

Helianthus annuus (sunflowers) gradually shift to face the sun as the sun moves across the sky throughout the day. Of course the sun is a great source of light, but the question still remains if whether or not sunflowers will still move with a light source of less strength. If so, how much light is necessary in order to stimulate the motion in sunflowers? After observing sunflowers in nature during the day, during the night, and with an artificial light, the trends regarding how much light is needed to move sunflowers is significantly large. The sunflowers in direct sunlight shifted in a manner that was quite obvious; however, the sunflowers relying on moonlight and artificial lighting did not move as noticeably. Thus, sunflowers will only follow powerful sources of light, such as the sun, and not minor ones, such as the moon or an artificial light.

Keywords: Helianthus annuus, Heliotropism

Thermal effects on the seed consumption of birds (Aves), primarily Quail (Galliformes odontophoridae), along the Provo River: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.

Samantha K. Rainsdon, 1122 Stover Hall, Provo, Utah 84602, [e-mail]

Abstract

The eating habits of birds (Aves) are subject to change with an increase or decrease in temperature. My experiment took place along of Provo River in Provo, UT. I recorded almost daily measurements to discover the correlation between the outside temperatures and how much of a ½ cup of wild birdseed birds would consumed throughout each day. I also kept track of any weather that varied from normal weather conditions. All of this helped determine how temperature affected the seed consumption of birds. I discovered that birds consume the highest amount of birdseed when the temperature is coldest and also when it is warmest. There are many possible explanations for this including bird recognition and memory of where food can be easily collected and the natural instinct to gather food before winter hits.

Key Words: temperature, weather, Galliformes odontophoridae, food consumption, metabolism, caching

Overwintering ground habitats of insects in Provo Canyon, Utah, U.S.A.
River Ralphs, 865 Wymount Terrace, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]
ABSTRACT
"As a group, insects have limited ability to regulate their body temperature and have thus required a range of strategies to support life" (Bale and Hayward 2010). Research was done in Provo Canyon near Bridal Veil Falls to determine the amount of insect life associated with broadleaf litter, needle-type litter, and no litter as temperatures approach freezing with the onset of winter. The connection between the general disappearance of insect life and the declining temperatures as winter approaches can be associated with the increase in broadleaf litter. The research shows that broadleaf litter is a more prominent location of winter shelter for insects than needle-type litter or no litter at all.
Keywords: broadleaf litter, needle-type litter, shelter, temperature, exposure

Datura stramonium: a look at evolution in Rock Canyon, Provo, UT

Brian Rasmussen 339 N 700 E Provo, UT 84606 Email:[e-mail]

Abstract


(Mitch 1989)
Datura stramonium is a plant commonly found throughout Utah, known for its large flowers and spiky capsules. It is physically unique because of its ability to produce a protective chemical toxin that guards against predators. Although it was originally brought to the area from England as a medicinal plant (Nunez-Farafan, Vargas, and Dirzo 1996), it can be found as a weed throughout the world. Since ancient times, people have regarded this plant as poisonous due to its ability to cause hallucinations and even death. There have been multiple studies that have investigated the reasons why the Datura stramonium has so many defenses, both chemically and physically, especially in its regard to evolution. This study is another look at the evolution of Datura stramonium, with the fieldwork investigated in the greater Provo area of Utah.

Keywords

Datura stramonium, evolution

The Effect of Distance from a Water Source and Temperature on the Population of Insects at Utah Lake
Mary Raun, 942 N. University Ave Apt. 22, Provo, Utah 84604, [e-mail]
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two variables on insect populations: distance from a water source and temperature. I set up a series of insect collectors at different distances from Utah Lake in Lindon, Utah to discover whether or not there was a detectable difference in the number of insects there were closer to and further from the lake. I used information provided by the Provo Airport not far from the sample location to monitor weather. The data produced for each variable showed trends that indicated both affected insect populations. The closer to the lake and the higher the temperature, the more insects there were. This paper discusses possible reasons for the results obtained.

Key Words: Insects, Utah Lake, mosquitoes, distance, temperature, cold

Affects of rainfall on compost piles in Provo, UT USA

Sarah Ray, 455 E. 600 N. #5, Provo, UT 84606, email: [e-mail]

Abstract:

Composting can be an effective way to help develop fertilizer to use in a garden or other growing environment. How much of a role does rainfall fit into the effectiveness of the composting process? An experiment will be conducted at a local garden to see how rainfall affects the rate of composting as measured by the increase in the growth of the grass around the composting piles.

Keywords: rainfall, composting, growth rates, precipitation rates

Ants Find the Fastest Route in Rock Canyon Park: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Jason S. Redford, 865 North 160 West University Villa Apt. 44, Provo Utah 84604 Email:

[e-mail]

Abstract

Although an ant (Formicidae) is a simple creature, as a whole a colony of ants are able perform useful tasks such as finding the shortest path to a food source and sharing this information with other ants by depositing pheromones ( Sim and Sun, 2003).

Over the summer I noticed that the ants in my kitchen would always travel in single file and it was mostly the shortest path to the sugar spilt on the table from breakfast the day before. I wondered what would happen if I blocked their path or tried to redirect them. I knew that not all ants follow the main path used by the majority of the colony, some wander out on there own. These observations from my apartment lead me out to see if similar behavior can be observed in ants in Rock Canyon Park and make hypothesis regarding why some ants stray from the obvious safety of the group and why others stay in a line.

Experiments will be conducted in Rock Canyon Park to observe their ability to navigate obstacles and find the best route to a controlled food source. This will be done a series of different times to the same colony and to two others from different areas within the canyon. I will be observing how the ants react to finding there way when the environment is changed.

Keywords: Formicidae, pheromones, nest, finding sustenance, navigate obstacles, Rock Canyon Park.
The Effect of Different Environments of the Western United States on Spinach (spinacea oleracea) Growth
Morghen C. Rhodes, 437 N Belmont Pl #157, Provo, UT, 84606 Email: [e-mail]
Abstract           

It is important for one to know how to grow plants that are suitable for the climate and environment in which they live in and do so with efficiency. Although the climate may be similar with close geographic regions, a different environment can substantially affect the growth of plants. This study observes the growth of spinacea oleracea, from the family Chenopodiaceae (common name: Spinach), which was selected due to its ability to grow rapidly in a cold climate. Spinach was planted in three different locations, the Provo suburban area, the Provo River, and on a ranch in Elko, Nevada. A soil plot was created in each of the three locations where nine groups of seeds were planted in each plot. Forty days later, each group of seeds that grew was measured in centimeters based on the length of the stem. The data shows the suburban area yielded the greatest average growth at 4.45 cm. The second highest growth rate was the Provo River with an average of 2.4 cm of growth. The least amount of growth was Elko, Nevada with an average of 0 cm. The best environment to grow Spinach in the Western climates is in an area with direct sunlight, cool temperatures, and an adequate water supply with little animal disturbance such as the suburban areas of Provo, Utah.

Keywords: Spinacea oleracea, spinach, Western United States, environmental effects, climate, Provo River, Elko, suburban Provo

North American Mule Deer of the genus Odocoileus and species hemionus in Provo Canyon between the mouth of the canyon and Soldier Hollow on US 189, foraging and migrating.

Andrew Rice, 671 N 200 E Provo, UT 84606, [e-mail]

Abstract:

The Mule Deer Odocoileus hemionus is known to migrate during the winter months to better find food for foraging. They migrate from the high mountainous areas to lower elevations in the winter to avoid deep snow (Burt 1980). An area off of US 189 was chosen to be studied to see whether the deer migrated closer to towns or steered clear of human population as much as possible. This stretch of land was from the mouth of Provo Canyon to Soldier Hollow in Midway. The final data showed that the deer did not seem to give preference to a specific distance away from human population but instead were sighted fairly consistently along the way. Accidental highway mortality was increased as the proximity to human population was increased.

Keywords:

Mule deer; Provo Canyon; Utah Wildlife; Migration; Highway mortality

Diversity of plants depending on the elevation and other variables in Rock Canyon: Provo, UT, U.S.A.

Wendy Rivera 1850N University Av. Apt. 215 Provo UT, 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

The distribution of plants (vegetation) in Rock Canyon was studied based by a designate space and elevation. The best indicator of a most growing amount of plants was remarkable in low areas. The procedures such as the measure of ground that limited the space and allowed to make more effective the count of the diversity of plants help it to have more narrow results. Within the experiment, it was essential to include basic information related to plants. There are supported information that mention that some plants are classify as dominant species. Furthermore, the data collected allowed to come with a hypothesis that climate along with elevation modify population of plants for the reason that plants can only effectuated photosynthesis in certain temperatures.

Key words: plants, elevation, temperature, dominant specie, resources.

Differences in American Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) Populations at Higher Elevations

Jerrick L. Robbins, 1565 N. University Ave. #143, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

American cockroaches (Periplaneta Americana) are resilient creatures, known to survive and live almost anywhere as long as water is nearby. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of elevation changes on the population of these insects. Experiments were conducted on the banks of the Tibble Fork Reservoir, elev. 6365 ft, and Emerald Lake, elev 10399 ft, to determine the difference in the cockroach populations. Cockroaches were captured on a bi-weekly basis, counted, and released back into the environment. Other factors such as weather and temperature were also recorded, and the results were recorded and discussed.

Key words: American cockroach, Periplaneta Americana, elevation change, population

The result of chlorophyll reduction on fall leaves in Provo, Utah

Michael David Roberts, 862 E 700 N, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84606, [e-mail]

Abstract

I have always been interested in the fact that leaves change color during the fall season.  For my Nature Experience I chose to take a closer look at why this fall foliage occurs.  I collected a handful of samples of different types of leaves from common trees located in the Provo, Utah area.  I performed an experiment using a process called chromatography in order to determine what chemicals inside the cellular structure of the leaf actually brought about its current color.  As I researched this topic as well, I found that chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins are the main pigments inside of leaves that have a profound impact on their coloration.    

Keywords: foliage, chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins 

The effects of sunlight intensity on insect (Insecta) populations

Brett A. Robinson; 1969 North 160 West Apt. 183, Provo, Utah 84606; E-mail: [e-mail]

Abstract

The population of insects (Insecta) in a single environment is affected by the intensity of light in that environment. In order to show this, experiments were conducted near the Provo River to show that as light intensity changes in an environment, the population of insects in the environment will vary accordingly. Insect populations were captured using drop-traps made of Dixie cups. These drop-traps were set up in three areas of varying light intensity: light, semi-light, and dark. The captured specimens were then identified and counted and the total population of each drop-trap was recorded. Data was recorded five times after five day periods. The amount of light where each population is collected was then plotted against the population density on a graph. It was observed and inferred that instead of one area of light intensity showing more population than another, different intensities of light attracted a different diversity of insects.

Keywords: sunlight, Insecta, drop-trap, population

Mule Deer (Odocoileus: Hemionus) dietary preferences in Dry Canyon: Lindon, Utah, U.S.A

Parker S. Rogers, 155 South Dry Canyon Drive, Lindon, Utah 84042 Email:

[e-mail]

Abstract

Mule Deer (Odocoileus: Hemionus), in Dry Canyon have a seemingly vast diet, but more research is needed to determine what exactly these animals eat. I conducted Experiments 1 mile up the Dry Canyon trailhead in Lindon, Utah, on the local Mule Deer in order to determine the dietary preferences of these deer. I placed certain fruits, vegetables, and starches in a designated area, on a three-foot high wooden platform, and made daily check-backs in order to determine which of the foods are most preferred among the Mule Deer population. A comparison between the different foods will determine the popularity of the foods among local Mule Deer. Results showed that the local Mule Deer populations in the Dry Canyon area eat everything that was put into the area, suggesting that Mule Deer ingest a wide variety of different foods.

Key Words: Odocoileus hemionus; Mule Deer; ungulates; Dry Canyon; starches.

The effect of water pH in a body of water on the pH of soil in Provo, UT

Sarah Romero, 2103 Hinckley Hall, Provo, UT, 84604

Email: [e-mail]

ABSTRACT

The pH of rainwater is acidic, and through testing has proven to change the pH of the soil that absorbs it. The soil, which originally has a higher, more neutral pH becomes more acidic as it accommodates the water. In the case of a body of water, which stays in contact with the soil for a long time, the soil would change to become the ph of the water, even though the water might only be slightly acidic. The acidic solution gets rid of the nutrients in the soil, lowering its pH. I used universal pH testing paper and distilled water to test the soil and water in bodies of water around Provo, UT to see if this hypothesis would be correct. I compared the pH of the soil away from the water with the soil underneath the water, and the pH of the soil beneath the water with the pH of the water itself. I found that the pH of the soil did in fact change to become the pH of the water, as it had absorbed so much of the water. The difference between the pH between the dry soil and the soil beneath the water was about half a pH point. The wet soil and water was more acidic than the dry soil. The water did have an effect on the soil, making it more acidic.

KEYWORDS: Soil, Rainwater, pH, Acidity, Absorption

An Experiment of Aquatic Photosynthesis: A Study of the growth of the Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) in the Provo River

Jason W. Romney, Brigham Young University,1565 N University Ave #194, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

Photosynthesis is a necessary function of plant life in order to grow and also give oxygen to the rest of the organisms that need it. Aquatic photosynthesis differs in that plants are in the water yet they still need sunlight to produce energy. For this project I used the Lotus plant to study the effects of this aquatic photosynthesis. I was able to control the variable of light to easily study the growth of three plants which was in a different position in the Provo River. For my results I found that all the plants grew, but differed in growth rate. The two in direct and indirect sunlight grew the most and the plant that was in no sunlight grew the least. From the findings I gathered I was able to determine that a plant still needs adequate light to be able to produce photosynthesis. I also found that the growth rate of plants may be linked to weather conditions and the temperature in the river.

Key words: provo river, lotus, aquatic photosynthesis, plants, sunlight

Color of leaf changes in Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides), Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia), and Red Maple (Acer rubrum) during Autumnal Equinox in Wasatch County, UT, USA

Jantsen Roney, 3109 Building 9, Helaman Halls, Provo, UT 84064, Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

            Nearly all deciduous trees’ leaves change colors during autumn.  This is because as the temperature drops and sunlight decreases, many of the leaves stop or slow the production of chlorophyll.  As this happens, the chlorophyll starts breaking down, revealing the carotenoids and anthocyanins that were produced during spring and summer, but weren’t seen because of the intensity of the green chlorophyll.  The color left behind in the fall depends on the species of tree.  Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) leaves turn yellow in the fall, Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia) leaves turn orange then red, and Red Maple (Acer rubrum) leaves usually turn yellow then red in the fall.  It interested me why the leaves would change different colors, so I experimented, using paper chromatology to determine what color pigments were in the various leaves in the fall.  Results of the pigments varied based on the species of tree the leaves were obtained from.  Overall, it was found that there was an association between the amount of color of certain pigments and the stage of senescence for most leaves.

Key words: Autumn, senescence, chromatology, fall, deciduous.

Influence of Altitude on Shapes of Leaves from Various Trees, Utah Valley Region: Utah, U.S.A.

 

Natalie A. Rosenlof   3217 David John Hall, Provo, Utah 84604  Email: [e-mail]

 

Abstract

            When we first received the assignment for this Nature Experience I intended to study how different altitude levels affected the population of bird throughout the Utah Valley area. I selected a few locations around the area (“including, but not limited to: BYU campus, Rock Canyon, Y mountain, and Burraston Ponds in Mona, Utah”). Here I planned on observing the native birds and figuring out whether or not the altitude had an effect on the species of birds living there. However, as the date which I had previously set aside to go to all these locations approached I realized the weather was such that I would not be able to see many birds. This being the case I decided to observe something I knew would still be alive: the trees. I simply took the same idea I had intended for the bird study and applied it to the trees. As such, I hope that from my field research I will find out whether or not changes in elevation are a factor in the shape of leaves on trees. For the purposes of this nature experience report I went to three locations at varying elevations and observed the natural environment. I visited Canyon Glenn Park in the Provo Canyon, near the Provo River; Y mountain trailhead; and Rock Canyon Park, more specifically the Bonneville Trailhead. From these locations I gathered leaves from different types to trees to observe and note if there are differences between the leaf shapes based on elevation.

 

Keywords

            “Native trees to Utah Valley,” “elevation changes and trees in Utah Valley,”  “Utah Valley trees,” “why leaves are certain shapes,” “leaf shapes,” “photosynthesis in plants”

Analysis of the Biomass Pyramid of Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A

Christopher J. Rowley, 600 East 750 North, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

This experiment quantitatively measures the biomass of the producers of the mouth of Rock Canyon, an area of 0.50 square kilometers, and then extends these results to an area of 32 square kilometers (see Figure I). With this information an estimate of the entire biomass pyramid of this region is calculated. Rock Canyon was chosen because of its ease of access and its similarity to the rest of the mountain range at that elevation. The purpose of this experiment is to create an ideal model that may be used in the future to determine whether this region is in ecological threat from an imbalance in the distribution of the trophic levels; for example if further research was done that concluded there was a significant increase in the amount of secondary consumers, this amount could be checked against the projected ideal system. If the difference is large enough to warrant concern, preventative policies could be implemented. Thus the model created in this experiment could be a valuable tool to monitor this local environment, which information may otherwise be totally unnoted.

How Altitude Influences Moss (Bryophyte: Musci) Growth in the Wasatch Mountains, Utah

Kari Ryser, 2221 Taylor Hall Provo, Utah 84604. Email:

[e-mail]

Abstract
  Moss (bryophyte) growth varies depending upon the temperature, area, medium, and amount of light hitting its surface. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate if altitude affects the growth of moss (bryophyte) like these other factors do in the development stages of this non-vascular plant. In order to gather my research, I will go to different altitudes within the Wasatch Mountains and measure how the growth of the moss native to Utah changes as a result. The areas with the greenest, largest, and longest patch of moss will be viewed as the most successful while those that have smaller, less developed green patches will be less developed. Other variables that have drastic effects on the moss such as light and density difference will be factored in the testing. The growth of the moss will be plotted against the altitude.

Keywords: moss, altitude, plant growth, bryophyte, Wasatch MountainsThe influence of the current causing algae to grow at different rates in Provo River: Utah, U.S.A.

Michelle Saltzman, 55 Horne Hall, Provo Utah 86406, [e-mail]

Abstract

I investigated the current velocity in the river as a possible factor of plant growth. I first became interested in this topic after observations I made during a trip to Provo River. Many studies have shown this general relationship between the flow and growth in the river. In my nature experience I chose to specifically look at the effect on algae. To carry out my experiment I used four tiles at different locations in the Provo River with varying current velocities. At the end of each week I weighed the amount of algae that had grown on each tile to see if there was a pattern to where the most algae had grown or a relationship between the two factors. As I collected my results I found that the most algae was grown at the relatively slower velocities as I predicted. My findings also fit in with the other primary research I was able to find. My experiment did not yield a large amount of results but my observations generally supported my hypothesis indicating that a slow current velocity is a factor of growth.

Key Words: Current, Algae, Growth, River

Determining a Correlation Between Size of Birds and Size of Flocks During Migration
Laura Marie Sederberg, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602

Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

Different species of birds seem to enjoy different sizes of migrating flocks, but I had a question as to whether or not there was a linear pattern to the particular caliber of birds each flock traveled with based on the size of bird. I had suspicions that the smaller birds would travel in larger groups because flying can be hard work and the purpose of flying in a flock is to conserve energy and travel faster. On a triweekly basis, I went to two locations. One location was near the mouth of Provo Canyon and the other close to Utah Lake. There I took notes on nine different species as well as number of birds in their different flocks that flew by. At the end of a month, I made a comparison of the size of birds with the number of birds in the flock. My discoveries were generally the opposite of what I assumed I would find. The larger birds were the ones in larger flocks and the smaller birds flew in smaller numbers.

Keywords: migration, flock size, birds, fall.

Tree Distribution: Does elevation have the greatest effect

Bonnie Shumway, 265 E 200 N #23, Provo, Utah, 84606. Email: [e-mail]. Phone number: [phone]

Abstract

The mountains and valleys surrounding the Provo area house many different types of trees. Yet, the distribution of these trees throughout is not even. This study attempted to look at what various factors make some areas more habitable to certain types of trees. It was hypothesized that elevation would be the most determining factor in tree distribution. In particular, this experiment tested the type and family of trees within four distinct areas in order to determine factors that affect the trees’ ability to thrive and thus examine distribution. The factors that were tested include elevation, temperature, the availability of water, and undergrowth.

Keywords: tree distribution, elevation, Rocky Mountains, undergrowth, temperature, water availability.

Duration of Cut flowers: Bellis perennis, Rosa, Dianthus caryophyllus

J. Simons, 380N 1020E Apt 325 Provo, UT 84606, Email: [e-mail]

Abstract:

I tested Bellis perennis, Rosa, Dianthus caryophyllus flowers to see which would have a longer vase life. The variables I observed were wilting and browning of the petals. They were observed for a total of 2 weeks, during which time I analyzed daily. Once all of the results were taken, I concluded that the catyophyllus (carnation) lasted longest when observing both the wilting and browning of the flower petals.

Keywords: Flower, Rose, daisy, carnation, time, wilting

The effect that the pH of soil has on the types of plants that grow in the different pH levels in the Provo area: Provo, Utah, USA

Katie M. Sirstins, 12 Bowen Hall, Provo, Utah 84604: Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

This experiment tested to see if pH affects the types of plants that grow in different pH levels. Three different plants were selected and soil was taken from the base of these plants. To find the pH of the soil, a sample of each soil was mixed with distilled water and pH strips were dipped into the supernatant (the liquid above the settled soil) of this mixture. The results showed that different plants do indeed require different pH levels in order to have their optimum living conditions met. These results are compatible with the experiments done by other researchers and scientists.

Keywords: pH, soil, plants, alkaline

Comparison of the Construction of Bird Nest’s at Different Altitudes

Matthew D. Smith, 29 Broadbent Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

The temperature of a clutch of bird eggs during the incubation period must be within a certain range of temperature at all times for the bird to grow correctly and be healthy. In order to maintain this temperature, the nest must be built correctly and be adaptive to the surrounding environment of the bird. I located bird nests of the same species at around 1400m, 1500m, 1600m. I also documented, measured, and took pictures of the nests that I found. This was all done on the same day. From the evaluation of this data, I was able to confirm whether or not the nests of differing elevations varied from each other. I performed the studies at Rock Canyon in Provo, Utah. I observed that the first and third nests that I found were almost identical, and the middle elevation nest was a little bit different although it did have some similarities with the other two. I also found that the materials used to build these nests, the placement of the nest, the size, and the design were all fairly similar. One difference was the temperature at the three locations. However, my data was not extremely conclusive. The elevation difference between my nests I don’t think was large enough. Even with this setback though, I was able to identify several things that the birds had done to help insure warmth to their eggs. Some of these techniques include positioning the nest on a specific side of the tree and towards the top of the tree, and using materials known to insulate better than other materials.

Key Words: Bird nests, elevation, temperature, design, site preference

Length of Days affecting the leaf pigmentation on a Box Elder tree (Acer: Negundo)

In Provo, Utah, U.S.A

Tyler F. Smith, 3216 Helaman Halls, Building 9, Provo, Utah 84604

Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

The length of the days as the leaves change color gets progressively shorter. This phenomenon seems to have a correlation. Therefore, an experiment is conducted to determine whether or not there is truly a parallel. The data is collected from a location near the Provo River. The specific tree that is being observed during this experiment is a Box Elder tree. A rough estimate is given to determine the percentage of leaves on the tree that are not green anymore and a description is provided as to the intensity of the change.

The length of that particular day is recorded to be used in comparing the number of daylight hours and the percentage of leaves that have changed color. The change in the color of the Box Elder tree’s (Acer: Neguno) leaves was initiated much later and changed at a much slower rate than that of other trees. Multiple rationales as to why this occurred are addressed. Results show that the Box Elder tree’s leaf pigmentation held their green color until the length of the day shortened to about

Keywords: chlorophyll; Length of Day; leaf pigmentation; photosynthesis; Autumn

Analysis of Water Content Effect on Changing Leaf Pigmentation in Five Species of Trees in Provo, Utah

Jennie Smithson, 1505 N Canyon Rd. Apt. 98, Provo, UT, 84604

E-mail: [e-mail]

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to measure the water content in leaves of varying trees. Five different leaf samples from the Provo, Utah area were weighed, baked to evaporate water, and weighed again. The loss of weight at the second measurement constitutes the amount of water that evaporated. It was hypothesized that the leaves which were darkest green in color would have the most water content, and leaves which were most yellow/brown in color would have the least. It was found that the Quaking Aspen leaves tested highest in water content out of all the samples. Trends were seen between water content and pigmentation of leaf, but these trends were not strong enough to deem my hypothesis correct.

Keywords: leaves, water content, drought, deciduous, English hawthorn (Crataegus Laevigata), European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), Eastern Hopohornbeam (Ostrya Virginiana), Carolina Poplar (Populous x Canadensis), Quaking Aspen (Populus Tremuloides)

Water Influence on Christ’s Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja christii) on Mount Harrison: Cassia County, Idaho, USA

Rachelle Snow 1849 N 200 W Apt. 206, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [e-mail]
Abstract

I went to Mount Harrison in Cassia County, Idaho and collected soil samples on the north side of the mountain and the south side of the mountain near the specimen Christ’s Indian Paintbrush (Catilleja christii). I did this because there are more specimen found on the north side than on the south side. I wanted to know if this relationship was because of the moisture content in the soil. I found the moisture content in each sample by baking them and finding the percentage of water displaced in the weight. I found that the soil from the north side of the mountain had more moisture in it than the soil from the south side of the mountain.

Keywords: Christ’s Indian Paintbrush, Casilleja christii, moisture content, soil.

Aquatic macro invertebrates’ variation as found in various water types

Boman Stacey, 1565 N. University Ave. #135, Utah 84604, Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

All living organisms depend on water for survival. It can be assumed that in coming upon a source of water life will be found. To find the variation of aquatic macro invertebrates from differing sources of water, this experiment was done and completed in three different sources of water: Provo River, Utah Lake, and Bridal Veil Falls in Provo Canyon. I first captured, identified, numbered, and compared the aquatic invertebrates to the other varying water sources’ species. The organisms in each water type are dependent upon each other and its environment. Due to the change in environment between water types, it can be assumed and easily predicted that organisms will change and differences will be present. I then conducted and recorded the information on what was different and why those certain organisms lived ideally in that environment it was found in. It was found that aquatic macro invertebrates were indeed different from one type of water source to the next; it was also found that the species that were similar to all three sources were different in the number of species that were present. Certain water types presented an environment that was more habitable to a certain invertebrate, thus the number of that species was greater than in other water types. Through my observations, results were found and conclusions were made.

Key words: Aquatic Macro Invertebrate, Provo River, Utah Lake, Bridal Veil Falls, water flow, freshwater biomes, ecosystems

How the effect of the different water flows of the Provo River affect the growth of algae
Taylor Stacey, 1217 Taylor Hall, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [e-mail]
Abstract
Algae is considered one of the most vigorous organisms on earth because they are able to grow in a vast range of habitats. They usually are found to grow in aquatic environments such as bodies of water and in damp places. This experiment was conducted in the Provo River with emphasis in three specific areas; hard, moderate, and still water. In each of these three places, I placed couple of tiles to grow algae, which was tested over a period of five and a half weeks. This experiment was originally hypothesized to demonstrate how the different water flows of the river affects the growth of algae, however it demonstrated even more. Not only is algae known to grow in aquatic environments, but other living organisms, such as snails, “grow” in hard, moderate, and still water. The data indicated that algae grew quicker and appeared more in the still moving water because of the constant sunlight, causing photosynthesis. The data also indicated that the appearance of snails happened more in still water. Further discussions of possible reasons and explanations to my results will be presented.
Keywords: Algae, Aquatic Habitats, Snails, Water Flow, Photosynthesis

Birds’ seed color preferences in Provo, UT, USA

Taylor Street, 126 Robison Hall, Provo, UT, 84604 Email: [e-mail]
Abstract

Birds, unlike humans are tetrachromats and pentachromats; they see color differently than humans do, and many species can see into the ultraviolet range. How birds’ color vision affects their eating habits has been studied a fair amount of times, and different researchers have come up with various answers. Some say that birds tend to prefer red foods, some say birds tend to prefer blue and purple foods because of their ability to see in the ultraviolet range, and others say that birds prefer natural-looking, earth-toned foods. I did an experiment using bird seed sorted by both color and size to see what color of seeds birds gravitated toward. After completing three trials of my experiment, I found that birds overwhelmingly preferred naturally-colored black seeds, as well as yellow and purple seeds. I also found that birds do not have a particular affinity for red seeds or green seeds. The results of my study agree with several researches and, for various reasons, disagree with two other researchers.

Keywords: “bird color vision,” “bird seeds,” “bird eating habits,” “bird eating preferences,” “birds color preferences”

Soil moisture retention at differing climates; This experiment was done on Buchloe Dactyloides, Abies Balsamea, and no vegetation at two different depths to determine potential difference in moisture levels.

Sarah Elizabeth Sturzenegger, 669 East 800 North Apartment S103, Provo, Utah, 84606 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to discover whether or not altitude had an impact on the amount of water retained by soil. I approached this hypothesizing that as you got higher up in elevation there would be a higher content of water in the soil. I gathered samples from three different elevations. The first was in Provo valley at approximately 1387 m elevation, the second was up Provo Canyon at South Park at about 1585 m elevation, and the last one was even further up Provo Canyon at Vivian park at about 1850 m elevation. I attempted to maintain the same variables with which each soil sample was obtained. From each elevation I obtained samples from three sources: Buffalo grass (Buchloe Dactyloides),Balsam fir (Abies Balsamea), and an area with no vegetation. I took a sample from each of these elevations of the top soil as well as 10 cm deep to see if there was a difference in depth with each plant as stated by Yuksek (2009). By doing this I was hoping to retrieve more accurate data for each elevation to identify if there was a trend as you increased in elevation. I also checked the weather channel for each area and found that there had not been precipitation in any of these areas for at least seven days. In analyzing my data, I discovered that there was no significant change of water retention in soil due to elevation change. There was however a slight decrease of water retention in soil as you increased in elevation. It was found however that Abies Balsamea had, on average, more water retention than the other plants. I found that vegetation does play an important role in the amount of water to be found in the surrounding soil particularly on the top soil. At 1585 m for the areas with no vegetation as well as the Abies Baslamea, there was a significant amount of water retention in the soil. There seems to be a higher impact for water retention in soil due to the vegetation surrounding it rather than in elevation.

“The Unique Polymorphic Characteristics of Cladecera and the Effects of the Ratios of Large Zooplankton (Cladecera) to Small Zooplankton (Copepods) on the Productivity of Utah Lake.”

by: Mick Swenson

Abstract:

While preparing to study the varied species of algae in Utah Lake, my attention was drawn towards the tiny, microscopic bugs that were invisible to the eye upon first glance, but were very abundant in each sample of algae taken from the surface of the water.  I was led to ask “What are these little creatures, and what are they doing at the surface in the middle of Utah Lake?”  So, because of a serendipitous experience at Utah Lake, I chose to identify some of the specific species of Zooplankton in Utah Lake and study the magnitude of their impact on fresh-water ecosystems.  The two types of Zooplankton that I found at Utah Lake were Cladocera and Copepods.  Although these tiny species are often overlooked and rarely thought of, their impact on fresh-water ecosystems is perhaps more important than that of any other fresh-water living organism (algae excluded).  My study of Zooplankton led to discoveries relating to fresh-water food webs and natural selection.

Keywords:

            Cladocera, Zooplankton, Copepod, Polymorphism, Fresh-Water, Ecosystem

Changes in the diversity of terrestrial invertebrates depending on rain and temperature

Rachel Tantillo, 3118 Stover Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604. Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

I determined the change in diversity in the terrestrial invertebrate along a trail on the Provo River depending on the presence of rain and changes in temperature. I used two different techniques: the pitfall trap and a bowl of soapy water. Both techniques were used in order to collect a variety of terrestrial invertebrates for data. The pitfall trap yielded a consistent diversity of terrestrial invertebrates regardless of the temperature or the amount of rainfall that was present. The soapy water dish yielded a larger diversity of terrestrial invertebrates overall, specifically during rainfall. Based on my observations I determined that the diversity of terrestrial invertebrates in a specific environment increases and they are more active during rainfall and also during cooler temperatures.

Keywords: Terrestrial invertebrate diversity, rainfall, temperature, chill-coma temperature, pitfall trap, soapy water dish

Determining how tropism affects growth in Betula papyrifera

Nathan Tate, 1505 N. Canyon Rd. #123, Provo, UT 84606, Email: [e-mail]

Tropism describes how the physical surroundings affect the growth of plants. In this study, I attempted to group Betula papyrifera according to the way they were structured and their surroundings in order to learn some kind of correlation. I grouped them into three groups: those that grew straight up, those that leaned a little, and those that grew horizontally with a bend upwards. On steep inclines, more trees grew horizontally bending upwards, whereas on level ground, the trees generally grew straight upwards. I understood this to mean that gravitropism causes the bending shapes in the trees on the side of the hill. However, this study also considers other factors which make this problem a lot harder than it seems.

Keywords: Phototropism; gravitropism; geotropism; tree growth; auxin; autotropism; autostraightening.

The factors that allow Blue Spruce trees to thrive under harsh conditions and all year round in Provo, Utah, U.S.A.

Nicole Turco, 1222 Taylor Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

Evergreen trees are able to stay green all year round, unlike their leaf-losing fellow trees. This phenomenon must be because of some biological feature within these trees. In order to better understand how evergreens (Blue Spruce specifically) are able to stay green the entire year, I first considered all the factors that could produce such an effect; location, roots, or the structure of needles seemed to be the most probable cause. Observations will be conducted at Provo Canyon, Y Mountain, and Sundance to verify whether location is a factor. These results will be collected, and if location is not the reason, additional research will be done to figure out whether root structure or the structure of needles is the reason.

The Effects of Varying Water Speed on Biological Diversity in the Provo River: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Kaitlyn C. Turner, 1886 N 80 W Apt. 13, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [e-mail]
Abstract

In a river ecosystem, the water chemistry, which includes the oxygen levels, is affected by the velocity of the water. The faster moving the water is the more dissolved oxygen it can potentially hold because it is diffused from the surrounding air and aerated as the water moves. Further research was required to determine how much water velocity affects the differing amounts of various species, or biological diversity in a river ecosystem. Experiments were conducted to test whether or not water velocity has any effect on the biological diversity of macro invertebrates in the Provo River. Four specific locations were selected and water speed was measured. Specimens were collected from a one-meter radius of the different selected spots. Specimens were identified and classified into species. Biological diversity will be plotted against water velocity and their correlation will be analyzed. The locations selected to conduct the experiment were specifically picked for their varying speeds. This study is isolated to moving water only because the Provo River does not have any sections that are completely stagnant. The faster moving water actually had less biological diversity than the slow moving water. The faster the water moved the less biological diversity it had.

Keywords: dissolved oxygen levels, macro invertebrates, water speed, biological diversity

The Effects of Natural Disturbance on Nesting Habits of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.

Brian Vandenberg, 2002 Budge Hall, Provo, Utah 84604

Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

Ants (Formicidae) are particularly good nest builders, but it was unknown how committed they were to remain in their established nest after the event of substantial natural disturbance occurred. I conducted experiments with local ant nests of Solenopsis richteri, or fire ants, near trees in Rock Canyon to observe ant behavior after the simulated natural disturbance of a branch dropped from tree height onto the ant nest. I identified and charted the nests according to the ants’ behavior, and it was observed that the natural disturbance of a tree branch falling on the nests of S. richteri was not severe enough for them to relocate.

Keywords: adaptation, relocation, rebuild, arthropods

The Consumption of Sugar and Its Role Among Bees (Apoidea: Anthophila) in Various Parts of Provo, Utah, U.S.A.

Jerry Walker, 258 E. 300 North, Provo, UT 84606 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

The behavior of bees (Anthophila), when it comes to being attracted to either a scent or food, appears to be affected by the level of sweetness that is contained in the substance. However, more research can be undertaken to determine if there is, in fact, a distinct correlation between the bees’ choice of where to land and feed, and the glucose and/or sucrose levels in the foods. Experiments will be conducted in various parts of Provo with the local species of bees to reveal whether bees actually are attracted to sweeter foods. The bees will be identified and counted, and the proportion of bees choosing sweet foods to those choosing less sweet foods will be measured and taken as a rough indicative sample of the general population.

Keywords: bees, honey, sugar, sweetness, watermelon

Nature Experience abstract is attached to this email. If it fails to open it is also below:

Leaves Changing Color with Sugar.

 

Laina Walker, 485 E 500 N #14 Provo, Utah 84606. [e-mail]

 

 

Abstract

I predicted the possible color change of three different types of leaves, three different colors. Based on my knowledge and findings of the effects of sugar in leaves changing color, I hypothesized that by putting the stems of the leaves in sugar water, the colors of the leaves would change more red or purple.  My findings were contradictory to my hypothesis and did not change their color to red or purple, but led to other findings. The leaves that were in the cup with the most sugar, wilted the least. In fact, the sugar seemed to preserve their color and form. However, they did not produce the results that I was initially looking for.

Keywords: leaves, color change, sugar

The Effect of Temperature and Time on the Chirp of Male Field Crickets (Gryllus pennsylvanicus) Near the Provo River: Provo, Utah U.S.A.

Tenli Waters, 942 North University Avenue Apt. 24, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract:

The chirp or trill of field crickets (Gryllus pennsylvanicus) is used to attract a mate. Male crickets chirp, and females choose a mate because of his song. The number of times a male cricket chirps is directly related to the temperature of the air around him. Warmer temperatures tend to increase the frequency of chirps and shorten the length of a trill, while cooler temperatures cause the frequency to drop and the length to increase. The time of day is also related to the song; near sunrise and sunset is usually when crickets chirp. I tested to see whether this assumption of a correlation between temperature, time of day and frequency of trills was true. I went to the Provo River by 800 North and listened to a cricket chirp and counted the number of chirps in one minute. Then I listened to a different cricket and counted the number of times it chirped in one minute. I recorded the number of chirps and the time, then recorded the temperature from a thermometer.

Keywords:

Crickets, temperature, time, calling song, chirp.

The Colors of My Mind

Annie Webb 25 S 3110 W Provo, UT 84601 [e-mail]

Abstract: I have always been intrigued by Imagination Roses, (tie-dye roses). They are incredible creations that are surreal. I started wondering how they are grown or created. The goal of this project is to discover if the properties of flowers can be changed by manipulation. Imagination roses (tie-dye roses) are artificially manufactured by injecting dye. I wanted to see if I could replicate the process by injecting dye into seeds of flowers and watering them with colored water.

Key Words: Dye, grow, manipulate

ABSTRACT

            In this experiment, samples of water were taken from different water sources around Provo. These sources included rivers, ponds, ditches, and snow. After collected, the pH of each sample was tested to find which source had the safest water to drink. Originally the pH was expected to differ from body of water to another based on cleanliness, but the results showed other reasons for pH differences. The results told us that pH does not differ from flowing water to still water, or clear water to muddy water, but it in fact differs from where that body of water is coming from. The water all had the same pH (7), but the snow had a pH of 6.

Habitual adaptations of Western-Scrub Jay

(Aphelocoma Californica) to freezing temperatures in

Rock Canyon, Provo, UT

Matthew A. Widmer, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602

Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify any habitual adaptations of the Western Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma Californica) that are advantageous in surviving freezing temperatures. The Western Scrub-Jay does not migrate, and winters in freezing temperatures. I studied a small population in Rock Canyon, Provo, Utah during the seasonal transition from autumn to winter. Through two weeks of observation, I identified seven characteristics that allow the jays to survive in freezing temperatures.

Keywords: Western-Scrub Jay, freezing temperatures, food sources, food stashing, episodic recall.

Patterns of leaf pigment change in Populus tremuloides trees in Provo, Utah, U.S.A.

Kristen Wilberg, 2114 N 170 W Apt 245, Provo, UT 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

Every fall, leaves begin to change color based on the changes in environmental factors. The shortened days and decrease in temperatures causes the amount of chlorophyll in leaves to be decreased. The manner in which the leaves change follows a pattern. Observations of leaf pigment change in Populus tremuloides trees were performed bi-weekly for five weeks, detailing the amount of the tree’s leaves that had begun to change and the amount of color change on a leaf. The data was compiled to determine the patterns that the leaves change. The outer leaves on the trees were the first to show different coloration. The color change on the leaves began with the outer edges and moved inward toward the center of the leaf. These patterns are created due to the transport of chlorophyll in the fall. Due to a decrease in chlorophyll, this pigment is not plenty enough to reach the outer parts of the tree and the outer edges of the leaves.

Keywords: Cartenoid; senescence; chlorophyll; color; patterns.

Plants at the elevation level of Park City, Utah are different from plants at the elevation level of Provo, Utah crediting plant differences due to altitude

Justin Wilson, 2208 Merrill Hall Provo, Utah 84604, [e-mail]

Abstract

There are many different plants around the globe. These changes are due to many reasons but I chose to analyze the different characteristics and types of plants that existed at different elevation levels. Many believe that latitude is one of the only reasons that plants change. To discredit this idea I examined plants from a latitude of 40.2338889 (Provo, Utah) to 40.6460622 (Park City, Utah). These tests and samples were taken in Provo, Utah which lies at around 4,500 feet above sea level, and Park City, Utah which lies at about 8,500 feet above sea level. I went to these different locations to observe the differences in plants, their thickness and transparency, if the leaves were still on the trees, the moisture of the soil and materials that were in it, the size of the leaves, and how dry the plants were. To do this I used a knife, spoons, ruler, and plastic bags. I found in this experiment that everything was much more moist at higher altitudes.

Keywords

Moisture, altitude, leaves, soil, oxygen

Comparison of occurrence frequency of bark damage in Acer specimens at different altitudes on the Wasatch Front

Eliza Woolley, 297 E. 3140 N., Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

The effect of elevation was investigated on bark stripping on maple trees in the Provo Canyon area. Rough squares with sides of approximately 25 feet were measured at three different elevations, two squares in each area. The number of trees within these borders and the number of trees with bark problems were recorded and percentages of damaged trees calculated, ranging from zero to thirty-three percent. All but four of the damaged trees had significant cracking or stripping in many places on the tree at all heights, but no teeth marks were noticed, ruling out the possibility of deer and squirrel damage. Possible causes of the strippage include pests and environmental factors such as temperature changes; however, elevation does not appear to be a factor at the scale measured (<2000 feet).

Keywords: maple, sycamore, elevation, bark loss, sickness, population, peeling, stripping, worm, Acer, North American trees.