Plate 4.
Illustrations of Minnesingers from the fourteenth-century Mannesse Manuscript.
The period around the end of the twelfth and the beginning of the thirteenth
century represented a blossoming of courtly civilisation and chivalric culture
which, associated with the powerful political legend of the Great Emperor
Frederick Barbarossa, was to seem to nationalist Germans of the nineteenth
century to have been a golden age of imperial greatness, a high point of German
civilisation. But alongside it was soon to rise a more urban, bourgeois form of
society in the later middle ages. A series of changes took place in the three
centuries or so after 1200 which were to lay the foundations for what we know
as ‘modern’ Europe.
GERMANY IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES
Although towns were already becoming important in the twelfth century, their
number, size and status increased dramatically in the course of the thirteenth
century: there was something like a tenfold increase, such that by the mid-
thirteenth century there were around 3,000 towns, in the main very small in size
but enjoying a certain degree of importance and self-government. Their origins
and character varied: a few were based on Roman foundations, some were
purposefully created as princely residences or centres of royal or seigneurial
administration, while others grew out of the expansion of trade, production and
markets. While some new towns were created in the colonial territories of the
east, such as Riga, there continued to be a greater density of urbanisation in the
southern and western parts of Germany. Their characteristic features can still be
discerned in many places today: town walls and fortifications, a castle, churches,
perhaps some other religious foundation, a splendid town hall, guild halls, solid
burgher houses for the urban patriciate.
Interestingly, given the decentralised nature of German political life, no
single town began to emerge as a royal capital along the lines of London or Paris
(although for a long time Prague was an important Imperial centre). The political
status of towns varied according to whether they were
Landesstädte
, towns
subordinate to a local ruler (whether secular or ecclesiastical), or whether they
were
Reichsstädte
, Imperial free cities formally subordinate to no-one below the
Emperor. Towns could be either bases of princely power, or potentially powerful
forces in their own right with which princes and Emperor would have to
contend. Towns frequently organised themselves into leagues, or alliances, such
as the Rhenish League of 1254 or the Swabian League of 1376. In the ‘Great
Town War’ of 1387–8 these two leagues were defeated by a combination of
princes, although earlier the Swabian League had been able to resist princely
attacks. A new Swabian League – of a very different character – was formed in
1488. In the valleys and mountains of Switzerland, a confederation developed
which was to throw off Habsburg overlordship and later, in 1648, to be formally
and belatedly recognised as a separate state. The towns of south-western
Germany for a variety of reasons did not adopt the Swiss model (of a
confederation of urban republican cantons and farming cantons), nor did they
become incorporated into Austria, entering a rather different pattern of
development in the early sixteenth century. Other leagues were more in the
nature of structures for economic co-operation. The most famous of these was
the Hanseatic League (the term dates from 1358) of north German towns, led by
Lübeck. Proud of their Hanse traditions, later twentieth-century Hamburg and
Bremen still prefixed themselves with ‘Hansestadt’ and had
HH
and
HB
on their
car number-plates. Within towns, society was far from egalitarian. Town
government was dominated by a few prominent and wealthy families, with a
distinctive burgher outlook. Interestingly, there was less interchange between
town and country in Germany (excepting Switzerland) than in England: German
burghers tended to be antinoble in outlook, and did not leave the towns to
become country gentry as in England. This sharp distinction of social caste or
‘estate’ was to last in Germany right up to the era of industrialisation in the
nineteenth century.
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