ADAU-
nun Elmi Əsə
rl
ə
ri. G
ə
nc
ə
, 2016,
№
1
182
Volter Skott - İngilis tarixi novelinin atasıdır
İngilis dili müəllimi R.N.Süleymanova
Azərbaycan Dövlət Aqrar Universiteti
XÜLASƏ
Açar sözlər: roman, tarixi ədəbiyyat, tarixi xarakterlər, dövrlərin müqaisəsi
Məqalə İngilis ədəbiyyatının görkəmli novelist Volter Skott-un həyat və yaradıcılığının
işıqlandırılmasına həsr edilib. Onun yaratdığı həm yumoristik həm də tarixi obrazların bir –biri ilə
vəhdəti ön plana çəkilir. Onun ən məşhur tarixi novellası
“İvanhoe”-dir. Bu novellada XII əsrdə İngiltərədə baş verən tarixi hadisələrdən bəhs edilir. Bu
novellanın nəşrindən sonra onun karyerasında da yüksəliş baş vermiş və o, baron rütbəsi də almışdır.
Görkəmli novelistin əsərlərinin bütün dünyada sevilməsindən və oxucu rəğbəti qazanmasından bəhs
edilib.
УДК 42
Вальтер Скотт – отец английский исторической новеллы
Преподаватель английского языка Р.Н.Сулейманова
Азербайджанский государственный аграрный университет
РЕЗЮМЕ
Ключевые слова: новелла, историческая литература, исторические характеры,
сравнение эпох
Автор в данной статье освещает жизнь и творчество великого английского новеллиста
Вальтера Скотта. Единство созданных им юмористических и исторических образов
выдвигается на передний план. Его самая известная историческая новелла «Иванхое». В этой
новелле повествуется об исторических событиях, происходивших в Англии в XII веке. После
публикации этой новеллы он продвинулся в карьере и получил звание барона. В статье
говорится о признании читатели во всем мире произведений великого новеллиста .
ADAU-
nun Elmi Əsə
rl
ə
ri. G
ə
nc
ə
, 2016,
№
1
183
UOT 42
TEACHING PRODUCTIVE SKILLS
Teacher of English M.E.Askarova
Azerbaijan State Agrarian University
Key words: productive, writing, discourse, genre, improvis
Productive skills
The productive
skills of writing and speaki-
ng are different in many ways. However, there
are a number of language production processes
which have to be gone through whichever medi-
um we are working in.
Structuring discourse
In order for communication to be success-
ful we have to structure our discourse in such a
way that it will be understood by our listeners or
readers. In speech this often involves following
conversational patterns and the use of lexical ph-
rases, the pre-fixed or semi-fixed word string that
have led methodologists to look carefully at lexi-
cal approaches. In general, fewer formulaic phra-
ses are found in writing than in speech, and this is
why writing in particular has to be both coherent
and cohesive. Coherent writing makes sense be-
cause you can follow the sequence of ideas and
points. Cohesion is a more technical matter since
it is here that we concentrate on the various lingu-
istic ways of connecting ideas across phrases and
sentence. These may be ‘chains of reference’
where we use language features such as prono-
uns, lexical repetition, and synonymy to refer to
ideas that have already been expressed. We can
use various linkers as well, such as for addiction
(
also, moreover), contrast (
although, however,
still), cause and effect(
therefore, so), and time
(
then, afterwards) [1].
Although spontaneous speech may appear
considerable more chaotic and disorganized than
a lot of writing, speakers nevertheless employ a
number of structuring devices, from language de-
signed to ‘buy time’, to turn-taking language ,and
quite specific organizing markers such as
firstly,
secondly, or even
and as if that wasn’t enough, as
in and as if that wasn’t enough he lost my money
on a horse!
Following the rules
When people with similar cultural and lin-
guistic background get together they speak to
each other easily because they know the rules of
conversation in their language and their shared
culture. When they write to each other they obey
certain conventions. Such rules and conventions
are not written down anywhere, nor are they easy
to define [2].
Sociocultural rules: speakers from similar
cultural backgrounds know how to speak to each
other in terms of how formal to be, what king of
language they can use, how loud to speak, or how
close to stand to each other. Such sociocultural
rules-or shared cultural habits- determine how
women and men speak to each other in different
societies, how conversations are framed when the
participants are of different social or professional
status, and guide our behavior in a number of
well recognized speech events such as invitations
conversations, socializing moves, and typical
negotiations.
Sociocultural rules and habits change over
time, but at any given moment they exit in the
public consciousness so that obeying them or pur-
posefully flouting them become acts of belonging
or rejection.Turn – taking: in any conversation
decisions have to be taken about when each per-
son should speak. This is ‘turn-taking’, an term
which refers to the way in which participants in
conversations get their chance to speak. They do
this by knowing how to signal verbally or visual-
ly that they want a turn or, conversely, by therefo-
re giving them space to take a speaking turn.
Rules for writing: writing has rules too,
which we need to recognize and either follow or
purposefully flout. These range from the ‘neti-
quette’ of computer users,
who chat to each other
on the Internet, to the accepted and successful
patterns of a letter supporting and application or
the conventions followed in journalism or fiction.
When we produce language in these genres, part
of our skill lies in negotiating these rules succes-
sfully.
Different styles, different genres
One of the reasons that people can operate
within sociocultural rules is because they know
about different styles, and recognize different
written and spoken genres.
Language use is determined by a number of
factors. First among these is the purpose of our
communication, what we want to achieve. But the
form in which we try to achieve that purpose is
determined by other parameters such as the