Arabic Morphosyntactic system Lexical Markup Framework LFG
Arabic Language Semitic language Right-to-left writing Case-marked Rich flectional and derivational systems (concatenative language) …
Arabic Phonetic System Consonants (Ex: ﺏ: b, ﺖ: t, ﻒ: f) Long Vowels (Ex: ﻭ: w, ﻱ: y) Short vowels (Ex: ُ–: u, ِ–: i) => Diacritics (Buckwalter’s Arabic Transliteration System)
Words generation is based on roots and patterns. Root Pattern - faEala (main pattern = ‘do’) => kataba
- fAEil (‘doer’/agent) => kAtib: writer
- mafEwl (‘undergoer’/patient, theme) =>maktwb: written
- MafEal (‘location’) => maktab: desk
Morphosyntactic Categories Pronouns Verbs Nouns and adjectives Prepositions ‘Adverbs’ (Preposition bi+Noun) Particles
Pronouns Personal pronouns - Isolated (‘anA: I, hum: they)
- Affix-pronouns (-hu: him/it, -hunna: them.FEM)
Demonstrative pronouns (h*A: this.MASC, tilka: that.FEM) Relative Pronouns (al~a*y: who/which.MASC, al~atAni: who/which.FEM.DUAL)
Pronoun Categorisation
Verbs
Jussive (almajzwm) Jussive (almajzwm) lam yaktub. Didn’t he write. He didn’t write. Energetic la’aktuban~a. *I (do) will write. (No English counterpart)
Verbs Aspect Mood Voice Agreement (+Person, +Gender, +Number) Affix Pronoun Particles (Ex: Prepositions, ‘Future’ )
Morphosyntactic Inflections for Verbs
Example of Morphosyntactic Inflections for Verbs sa- ‘uEty- kumA (ﺳﺄﻋﻂﯾﻜﻤﺎ) ‘will I give you…’
Gender Number - Singular
- Dual
- Plural
- (=> Agreement between Noun and Adjective)
Grammatical case (NOM, ACC, GEN) Affix-Pronouns (Clitics) and Definiteness
Nouns and Adjectives
Example of Inflections for Nouns KitAb: ‘book’ KitAb-un: N_SG_M_DEF-_NOM a book al-kitAba: N_SG_M_DEF+_ACC The book (OBJ) kitAb-ay-kumA: N_DUAL_M_DEF+_GEN/ACC_AFFPR:-kumA Your ‘two’ books (OBJ) bi-kitAb-ay-kumA: N_DUAL_M_DEF+_GEN_AFFPR:-kumA_AFFPREP:-bi By your ‘two’ books.
Prepositions Independent (Ex: min: from, ‘ilA: to..) - Affixation: +AffixPronoun
- Ex: min-hu: ‘from him’
Affixed (Ex: bi: with, li: for…) - +Verb/+Noun/+Adjective
- EX: li-yaktuba: ‘to write’
Lexical Markup Framework XML-based Data Category Register (DCR)
DCR Sample
Lexical Markup Framework ‘Morphalou’ (Salmon-Alt 2004) ‘MafEalw’ (Akrout 2005)
Sample From ‘MafEalw’
LFG for Arabic Objectives: induce Treebank-based LFG resources for Arabic. Arabic characteristic features: - Morphosyntactic system.
- Inflectional system (patterns, clitics, …)
- Clause types (nominal, verbal)
- Diacritics
‘aEty- tmw- ny- hA. Gave you.PL.MASC me it.SG.FEM You gave it (to) me. - SUBJ TYPE ‘CLITIC’
- PRED ‘tm’
- PERS 2
- GENDER MASC
- NUM PL
- ASPECT PERFECT
- MOOD INDICATIVE
- VOICE ACTIVE
- PRED ‘‘aEtY<(SUBJ)(OBJ)(OBJ)>’
- OBJ TYPE CLITIC
- PRED ‘ny’
- PERS 1
- GENDER MASC/FEM
- NUM SG
- OBJ TYPE ‘CLITIC
- PRED ‘hA’
- PERS 3
- GENDER FEM
- NUM SG
References Akrout, A (2005), Pre-doctoral dissertation : ‘Modélisation d’un lexique flexionnel de l’Arabe Classique’, University of Metz, France. Blachère, R. & Gaudefroy-Démombynes, M. (1975). Grammaire de l'arabe classique. 3rd edition, G.P. MAISONNEUVE & LAROSE (Ed), Paris, France. Cavalli-Sforza, V., Soudi, A. & Mitamura, T. (2000). Arabic Morphology Generation Using a Concatenative Strategy, in The Proceedings of NAACL-2000. on line: http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/A/A00/A00-2012.pdf Fillmore, Ch. (1968). The case for case. In: Bach, E., Harms, R. T., Eds., Universals in Linguistic Theory. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York: 1-88. Fleisch, H. (1961). Traité de Philologie Arabe, vol I, préliminaires, Phonétique, Morphologie Nominale, Tome XVI. 247-267. George, M. & Francopoulo, G. (2004). Lexical Markup Framework (LMF). Working Draft (ISO-24613). On line : http://www.tagmatica.fr/doc.htm Britain, University Press, Cambridge. 74-92.
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