JOBR: “2121_c000” — 2006/3/9 — 18:22 — page ix — #9
Following World War II, technological advances were spurred on by efforts to develop superior weapon
systems and establish habitats in space and on the ocean floor. As a by-product of these efforts, the
development of medical devices accelerated and the medical profession benefited greatly from this rapid
surge of technological finds. Consider the following examples:
1. Advances in solid-state electronics made it possible to map the subtle behavior of the fundamental
unit of the central nervous system — the neuron — as well as to monitor the various physiological
parameters, such as the electrocardiogram, of patients in intensive care units.
2. New prosthetic devices became a goal of engineers involved in providing the disabled with tools
to improve their quality of life.
3. Nuclear medicine — an outgrowth of the atomic age — emerged as a powerful and effective
approach in detecting and treating specific physiologic abnormalities.
4. Diagnostic ultrasound based on sonar technology became so widely accepted that ultrasonic
studies are now part of the routine diagnostic workup in many medical specialties.
5. “Spare parts” surgery also became commonplace. Technologists were encouraged to provide
cardiac assist devices, such as artificial heart valves and artificial blood vessels, and the artifi-
cial heart program was launched to develop a replacement for a defective or diseased human
heart.
6. Advances in materials have made the development of disposable medical devices, such as needles
and thermometers, as well as implantable drug delivery systems, a reality.
7. Computers similar to those developed to control the flight plans of the
Apollo capsule were used to
store, process, and cross-check medical records, to monitor patient status in intensive care units,
and to provide sophisticated statistical diagnoses of potential diseases correlated with specific sets
of patient symptoms.
8. Development of the first computer-based medical instrument, the computerized axial tomography
scanner, revolutionized clinical approaches to noninvasive diagnostic imaging procedures, which
now include magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography as well.
9. A wide variety of new cardiovascular technologies including implantable defibrillators and
chemically treated stents were developed.
10. Neuronal pacing systems were used to detect and prevent epileptic seizures.
11. Artificial organs and tissue have been created.
12. The completion of the genome project has stimulated the search for new biological markers and
personalized medicine.
The impact of these discoveries and many others has been profound. The healthcare system of today
consists of technologically sophisticated clinical staff operating primarily in modern hospitals designed
to accommodate the new medical technology. This evolutionary process continues, with advances in the
physical sciences such as materials and nanotechnology, and in the life sciences such as molecular biology,
the genome project and artificial organs. These advances have altered and will continue to alter the very
nature of the healthcare delivery system itself.
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