472
Chapter 25
extent, that “the peasant has again become a serf,” and a serf worse fed and worse clothed.
88
Dr.
Julian Hunter, in his epoch making report on the dwellings of the agricultural labourers, says:
“The cost of the hind” (a name for the agricultural labourer, inherited from the
time of serfdom) “is fixed at the lowest possible amount on which he can live ...
the supplies of wages and shelter are not calculated on the profit to be derived
from him. He is a zero in farming calculations ...
89
The means [of subsistence]
being always supposed to be a fixed quantity.
90
As to any further reduction of his
income, he may say,
nihil habeo nihil curo. He has no fears for the future, because
he has now only the spare supply necessary to keep him. He has reached the zero
from which are dated the calculations of the farmer. Come what will, he has no
share either in prosperity or adversity.”
91
In the year 1863, an official inquiry took place into the conditions of nourishment and labour of
the criminals condemned to transportation and penal servitude. The results are recorded in two
voluminous Blue books. Among other things it is said:
“From an elaborate comparison between the diet of convicts in the convict prisons
in England, and that of paupers in workhouses and of free labourers in the same
country ... it certainly appears that the former are much better fed than either of
the two other classes,”
92
whilst “the amount of labour required from an ordinary
convict under penal servitude is about one half of what would be done by an
ordinary day-labourer.”
93
A few characteristic depositions of witnesses: John Smith, governor of the Edinburgh prison,
deposes:
No. 5056. “The diet of the English prisons [is] superior to that of ordinary
labourers in England.” No 50. “It is the fact ... that the ordinary agricultural
labourers in Scotland very seldom get any meat at all.” Answer No. 3047. “Is
there anything that you are aware of to account for the necessity of feeding them
very much better than ordinary labourers? – Certainly not.” No. 3048. “Do you
think that further experiments ought to be made in order to ascertain whether a
dietary might not be hit upon for prisoners employed on public works nearly
approaching to the dietary of free labourers? ...”
94
“He [the agricultural labourer]
might say: ‘I work hard, and have not enough to eat, and
when in prison I did not
work harder where I had plenty to eat, and therefore it is better for me to be in
prison again than here.’”
95
From the tables appended to the first volume of the Report I have compiled the annexed
comparative summary.
473
Chapter 25
WEEKLY AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS
Quantity Of
Nitrogenous
Ingredients
Quantity Of
Non-Nitro-
genous In-
gredients
Quantity Of
Mineral
Matter
TOTAL
Ounces
Ounces
Ounces
Ounces
Portland (convict)
28.95
150.06
4.68
183.69
Sailor in
the Navy
29.63
152.91
4.52
187.06
Soldier
25.55
114.49
3.94
143.98
Working Coachmaker 24.53
162.06
4.23
190.82
Compositor
21.24
100.83
3.12
125.19
Agricultural
labourer
96
17.73
118.06
3.29
139.08
The general result of the inquiry by the medical commission of 1863 on the food of the lowest fed
classes, is already known to the reader. He will remember that the diet of a great part of the
agricultural labourers’ families is below the minimum necessary “to arrest starvation diseases.”
This is especially the case in all the purely rural districts of Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Wilts,
Stafford, Oxford, Berks, and Herts.
“The nourishment obtained by the labourer himself,” says Dr. E. Smith, “is larger
than the average quantity indicates, since he eats a larger share ... necessary to
enable him to perform his labour ... of food than the other members of the family,
including in the poorer districts nearly all the meat and bacon.... The quantity of
food obtained by the wife and also by the children at the period of rapid growth, is
in many cases, in almost every county, deficient, and particularly in nitrogen.”
97
The male and female servants living with the farmers themselves are sufficiently nourished. Their
number fell from 288,277 in 1851, to 204,962 in 1861.
“The labour of women in the fields,” says Dr. Smith, “whatever may be its
disadvantages, ... is under present circumstances of great advantage to the family,
since it adds that amount of income which ... provides shoes and clothing and pays
the rent, and thus enables the family to be better fed.”
98
One of the most remarkable results of the inquiry was that the agricultural labourer of England, as
compared with other parts
of the United Kingdom, “is considerably the worst fed,” as the
appended table shows:
Quantities of Carbon and Nitrogen weekly consumed by an average agricultural adult:
Carbon,
grains
Nitrogen,
grains
England
46,673
1,594
Wales
48,354
2,031
Scotland
48,980
2,348
Ireland
99
43,366
2,434
“To the insufficient quantity and miserable quality of the house accommodation
generally had,” says Dr. Simon, in his official Health Report, “by our agricultural