7
Chapter 2
Odes to Ted Nelson
Ben Shneiderman
2.1
Intertwingling
Ted Nelson’s intertwingled brains,
Spawn repeating rhythmic trains
Telling stories in poetic scenes
From ComputerLib and Dream Machines.
His restless mind reveals a lyric vision
Shining brightly with intense precision.
His playful, play-fi lled frantic imagery
Expands my mind with his skullduggery
Masquerading as intended trickery
But always making planful mockery
Of those who believe in standard crockery.
Oh this must sound like jabberwockery.
But honestly I speak without temerity.
I merely wish to add to his celebrity
And honor him for his celerity
A joyful sprite of youthful clarity.
B. Shneiderman (
*
)
Department of Computer Science, A. V. Williams Building ,
University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742 , USA
e-mail:
ben@cs.umd.edu
© The Author(s) 2015
D.R. Dechow, D.C. Struppa (eds.), Intertwingled, History of Computing,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-16925-5_2
8
2.2
Playful Mayhem
Playful mayhem
Slippery fun to invent words that capture bold ideas
Sworfi ng fl inks transclude reality
Twinkling, awesome Nelson
Transpire, conspire, inspire
Transclude, conclude, include
Persistent commitment to
A life with one clear purpose
Ever-connecting hypermind
Ted’s never met a limit he didn’t want to break
He’s never found a rule he didn’t want to fake.
Self-confi dent clarity, true to his beliefs
Original visions, zigging-zagging
Fresh humping, bumping
To what Markoff called “his grander ideals”
2.3
Early Admiration
My earliest description of Ted Nelson was on the 1988 ACM disk Hypertext on
Hypertext , which was the fi rst electronic journal, incorporating the articles from the
July 1988 issue of Communications of the ACM . These articles were derived from
the 1987 Hypertext conference. We created the articles as hypertext documents
using our HyperTies system (
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/hyperties
). The tilde marks (~)
surround phrases that were highlighted selectable links that could be clicked on to
jump to the related article.
Our research and development were inspired by Vannevar Bush’s 1945 descrip-
tion of Memex, in which links were numeric codes that had to be typed in and by
Ted Nelson’s work with Andries Van Dam. Only later did we see Doug Engelbart’s
1968 demo video, which had selectable list items. So while there were several prec-
edents, I take credit for the highlighted textual link embedded in sentences. I
invented the highlighted textual link in 1984, while working with grad student Dan
Ostroff, as part of our development of an electronic encyclopedia for the emerging
U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. We ran empirical studies of different highlight-
ing schemes and tested user capacity to navigate as well as ability to comprehend
the paragraphs of text. We called the highlighted textual links, “embedded menus,”
but Tim Berners-Lee referred to them with the more compelling term “hot spots” in
citing our work in his spring 1989 manifesto for the web.
B. Shneiderman
9
A pioneering visionary of universal hypertext systems including the social and
legal structures; keynote speaker at Hypertext ’87 Workshop.
Ted Nelson (See Fig.
2.1
)
Keynote Speaker at Hypertext ’87 Workshop.
Ted Nelson’s creative visions are amply displayed in his lively books, Computer
Lib/Dream Machines and Literary Machines , which detail his hypertext vision.
Nelson understood that major social and legal changes would be necessary to real-
ize his concept of universal hypertext environment. His XANADU system sup-
ported enormous docuverses including complex links among literary sources,
quotations, critiques, etc. and a vast global network accessible from community-
oriented computer centers.
Nelson worked with the hypertext group at Brown University and collaborated
with Andries Van Dam in the 1970s. Ted Nelson was one of the three keynote speak-
ers at the Hypertext 87 Workshop. Recently AutoCAD, Inc. initiated a collaboration
with Nelson and his Xanadu project.
2.4
Second Admiration
A year later I wrote about Ted Nelson for the world’s fi rst electronic book [
2
], as
determined by our Library of Congress colleagues asking for guidance about how
to catalog it.
Ted Nelson’s Xanadu.
Fig. 2.1 Example image of Ted Nelson in hyperties system [
1
]
2 Odes to Ted Nelson
10
The fi rst to coin the terms hypertext and hypermedia in his book Dream Machines .
In his book “Dream Machines,” Nelson developed his ideas about augmentation
with an emphasis on creating a global, unifi ed literary environment. This
environment looked beyond simple hierarchical relations to a densely interwoven
network of nodes which would refl ect the ideas within the human mind. His hyper-
text system, Xanadu, was in fact to be a network of interconnected hypertext
engines used as an environment for both cooperative thinking and the electronic
publication of hypertext works.
2.5
Photos at Oxford Internet Institute
My photos of Ted Nelson (Figs.
2.2
and
2.3
) show him to be cheerful and ready for
creativity.
Fig. 2.2 Ted Nelson, Jennifer Preece, and Marlene Mallicoat at Oxford Internet Institute in June
2006. Ted has his colored pens ready for action
B. Shneiderman
11
References
1. Shneiderman B (1988) Hypertext on hypertext (Distributed on hyperties disk with 1Mbyte data
and graphics incorporating). Communications of the ACM, ACM Press, New York
2. Shneiderman B, Kearsley G (1989) Hypertext hands-on!: an introduction to a new way of
organizing and accessing information. Addison-Wesley, Reading world’s fi rst electronic book
Fig. 2.3 Ted Nelson and author at Oxford Internet Institute in June 2006. Author is trying to show
that Ted Nelson is number one
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
2 Odes to Ted Nelson
Document Outline - Chapter 2: Odes to Ted Nelson
- 2.1 Intertwingling
- 2.2 Playful Mayhem
- 2.3 Early Admiration
- 2.4 Second Admiration
- 2.5 Photos at Oxford Internet Institute
- References
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