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Chapter 4 Review
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tarix | 04.08.2018 | ölçüsü | 31,8 Kb. | | #60827 |
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Chapter 4 Review
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Vision
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Wavelength (Hue)
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Amplitude
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Height of wave
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Perception of brightness
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The taller the brighter
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Purity
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Mixture of wavelengths that create color
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Cornea
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Transparent window of the eye.
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Outer layer
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Lens
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Changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina
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Iris
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Colored muscle around the ring that constricts or dilates w/ light
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Contracts to change size of pupil for light
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Pupil
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Amount of light controls size of pupil by constricting to let in less light
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Retina
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transduction
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Ambassador to the central nervous system
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Absorbs light, processes images and sends information to the brain
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Optic disk
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Hole in the retina where the optic nerve fibers exit the eye
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Considered the “blind spot” of the eye (you cannot see the part of the image that falls on it)
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Optic nerve
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Fibers that sends the message to the brain
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Rods
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Cones
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Color and daylight vision
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5 – 6.4 million
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Generate neural signals that then activate bipolar cells
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Light
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Electromagnetic radiation
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Emitted from energy (sun, light bulbs)
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Nearsightedness
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Can see from near
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Focus falls short of the retina
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Farsightedness
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Can see from far
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Focus lands past the retina
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Receptive fields
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Where rods and cones are located
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When stimulated they funnel signals to a particular visual cell in the retina
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Lateral antagonism
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Send sideways to other cells
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Occurs when neural activity in a cell opposes activity in surrounding cells
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Monocular & binocular cues
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Binocular Disparity: The closer an object gets to the eyes, the greater the difference is in the image that is seen of that object.
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Monocular: one eye binocular: two eyes.
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Perception of depth is distorted with one eye and is better measured when two eyes give cues.
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Depth perception involves interpretation of visual cues that indicate how near or far away objects are
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Retinal disparity
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Images are sent to slightly different locations of the right and left eye, so right and left eyes see different views
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The closer you get to an object, the greater the disparity b/w images seen by both eyes
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Size constancy
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The ability to perceive things as their actual size even when your retinal image gets smaller
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Convergence
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Sensing the eyes converging toward each other as they focus on closer objects
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Vision acuity
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Involved in sharpness and precise detail in vision
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Greatest in the fovea (which is a tiny spot in the center of the retina that only contains cones)
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Cones provide better visual acuity than rods but rods provide some as well
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Hearing
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Wavelength
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Pitch
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Measured by cycles per second. Higher the frequency, the higher the pitch
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Amplitude
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Loudness
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Measured with decibel levels
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Higher, louder
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Purity
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Combination of qualities of a sound that distinguish it from other sounds of the same pitch & volume
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Pinna
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Hammer, anvil, stirrup
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Middle ear
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Tiniest bones in body
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Vibration of bones creates sound
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Transfer sound from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
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Middle ear
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Cochlea
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Inner ear
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Waves in the fluid stimulate hair cells
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Contains auditory receptors
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Tube like structure
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Semicircular canals
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Auditory pathway
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Intensity
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Timing
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Other senses
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Gustation
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Taste pathway
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Absorb chemicals, trigger neural impulses and send the info to the thalamas and on to the cortex
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Primary tastes
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Sweet, sour, bitter and salty. (5th taste is umami)
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Nontasters vs supertasters
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Supertasters are much more sensitive to certain sweet and bitter tastes. 25% of people fall into this category. Tend to more negatively toward alcohol and smoking which reduces their chances of developing a drinking problem or addiction to nicotine. (more likely women than men)
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Nontasters make up 25% of the population and have have about ¼ the taste buds as supertasters
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The other 50% of the population are “medium tasters”
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Olfaction
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Sense of smell
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Located in the upper portion of the nasal passage
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Receptors have synapse set up straight to the base of the brain. (only sense to skip the thalamus)
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Humans can identify 10,000 odors but have a hard time attaching names to odors
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Pathway of smell
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Olfactory cilia- neural impulse- olfactory nerve – olfactory bulb
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Temperature
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Registered by free nerve endings in the skin. Receptors specific to hot and cold temperatures
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Pain receptors
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Registered in free nerve endings
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Two path ways: fast and slow.
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Kinesthetic
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Knowing the position of the various parts of the body
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Receptors lie in the joints and muscles
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Taste is a learned sense and is also social (you eat things because of your environment and what is socially acceptable in your culture)
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Vestibular
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Keeps you informed of your bodys location in space
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equilibrium
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Perception
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Reversible figure
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A drawing that is made to have two interpretations
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Same visual points can result in radically different perceptions
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Perceptual sets
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A readiness to perceive a stimuli in a particular way
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Creates a certain bias in someone
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Can change someone’s perception by altering expectations
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Inattentional blindness
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Failure to see visible objects or events because ones attention is somewhere else
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Top- down processing (aka form perception theory b/c we process actual form first then features)
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Assemble visible input into a more complex form
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Bottom-up processing (aka feature detection theory b/c we process features first)
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A progression from the individual elements to the whole
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Subjective contours
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Perception of contours where none actually exist
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Gesalt principles:
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Figure-ground
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figures have more shape and appear to be closer, stand out in front of background
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Proximity
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Similarity
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Group elements of stimuli that are smaller
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Continuity
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Closure
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Complete figures that actually have gaps in them
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Simplicity
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Group elements in the most simplest form
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Perceptual hypothesis & how context plays a role
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When you look at something you develop a perceptual hypothesis based on prior knowledge
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We use context in which something appears to guide our hypothesis
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Perceptual constancy
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tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input; people tend to view objects as having a stable size, shape, brightness, hue, and texture
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Motion parallax
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Cue to depth that involves images of objects at different distances moving across the retina at different rates
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Things that are closer appear to be moving more or moving faster than objects further away
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Pictorial depth cues
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Clues about distance in a flat picture
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Optical illusions
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Visual appearance seems different even though physical reality is actually the same
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Motion aftereffect
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After focusing on an image, you continue to see the image when it is removed
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Names
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Fechner
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Came up with the concept of threshold
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Weber
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Webers law: size of JND proportional to size of initial stimuli
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Hubel & Weisel
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Discovered that visual cortex has detectors (cortical cells) in it, neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of stimuli such as lines and edges
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Hermann von Helmholtz
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Place theory
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Proposed that perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portion of the basilar membrane
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Rutherford
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Frequency theory
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Perception of pitch corresponds to the rate or frequency at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates causing the auditory nerve to fire at different rates for different frequencies
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Georg von Bekesy
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Claimed both theories above are valid. Membrane does move, but the waves peak at particular places of the membrane depending on the frequency.
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E.G Boring
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Walk & Gibson
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Visual cliff
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Concept of perceiving depth
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When do we identify that something has depth and is dangerous? This was what his experiment was about
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V.I. Ramachandran
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Key terms
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Sensation
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Stimulation of sensory organs
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Threshold
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Dividing point b/w energy levels that do and do not have a detectable effect
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What is the weakest detectable stimuli?
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Absolute Threshold
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Minimum stimulus intensity that an organism can detect.
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Detected 50% of the time
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Created by Gustav Fechner
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Adapts to your environment in order to sense harm.
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Just noticeable difference
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Smallest difference detected
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People who can detect smallest difference are known as experts
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Signal detection theory
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Study of peoples tendencies to make correct judgments in detecting the presence of stimuli
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Responses will depend on your standard you set for how sure you must feel before you react
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Decision can be thrown off due to other factors i.e. Alcohol, fatigue, drugs
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Subliminal perception
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Registration of sensory input without conscious awareness
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Example drive in movie with “eat popcorn” in background had popcorn sales raise by 58%
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Mere-exposure effect
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Develop a positive attitude toward a product that has been advertised repeatedly in the media
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Sensory adaptation
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Decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimuli
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Adapt in order to identify threats
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Trichromatic theory
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Three color receptors; red, green and blue
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Opponent Process Theory
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Said we need yellow to form all colors
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Three receptors…one receptor is for red and green, one is for blue and yellow, and other is black and white
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If one wavelength is being picked up by receptor the other colors wavelength is blocked off. Example if picking up red wavelength, you cannot pick up green
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Phi phenomenon(Apparent motion)
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The illusion of motion due to the flashing of lights in a continuous pattern.
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Vestibular sense
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monitors balance in response to movement detected by the proprioceptors.
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The vestibular sense receives information from the semicircular canals and the vestibular sacs, located in the ear.
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The semicircular canals and vestibular sacs are filled with fluid and lined with hair cells that response to movement and changes in the body.
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