Character for Leadership
52
Missing responses in the data set were replaced using the practice of
substituting the variable mean (Newton & Rudestam, 1999) so as not to reduce the
total number of responses, thereby severely limiting the power of the analysis. To
calculate the character scores for the TCI (Cloninger, Przybeck, et al., 1994), only
the 107 items related to character were used in this study.
The individual responses
to TCI items were combined to create each composite subscale within each
character scale. Each subscale score was then combined to create the composite
score for the specific character scales. Table 4 lists the TCI character scales and
their corresponding subscales.
Table 4: TCI (Cloninger, Przybeck, et al., 1994) Character Subscales and
Descriptive Statistics,
N
= 101
M SD
Self-directedness
SD1 Responsibility vs. blaming
7.24
1.44
SD2 Purposefulness vs. lack of goal direction
6.50
1.66
SD3 Resourcefulness vs. inertia
4.22
1.13
SD4 Self-acceptance vs. self-striving
7.70
2.90
SD5 Congruent second nature vs. bad habits
8.52
2.59
Cooperativeness
C1
Social acceptance vs.
social tolerance
7.34
.87
C2
Empathy vs. social disinterest
5.54
1.33
C3 Helpfulness
vs.
unhelpfulness
7.38 .77
C4
Compassion vs. revengefulness
8.90
1.38
C5 Integrated
conscience
vs. self-serving advantage
8.61
.66
Self-transcendence
ST1
Creative
self-forgetfulness vs. self-consciousness
4.39
2.19
ST2
Transpersonal
identification
2.30 1.60
ST3 Spiritual acceptance vs. rational materialism
.99
.10
Character for Leadership
53
The scores on the character scales of the TCI (Cloninger, Przybeck, et al.,
1994) can range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 44 for the self-directedness
scale, from 0 to 42 for the cooperativeness scale, and from 0 to 20 for the self-
transcendence scale.
Individual responses to TLP (Sashkin et al., 1997) items were combined to
create each composite scale within the full TLP instrument. Table 5
lists the scales
for the TLP instrument.
Table 5: Sashkin et al.’s (1997) TLP Scales and Descriptive Statistics,
N
= 101
M SD
Scale 1
Capable management
18.80
2.95
Scale 2
Reward equity
18.68
2.62
Scale 3
Communication leadership
19.14
2.61
Scale 4
Credible leadership
21.27
2.74
Scale 5
Caring leadership
20.22
2.98
Scale 6
Creative leadership
18.70
2.89
Scale 7
Confident leadership
18.94
3.04
Scale 8
Follower-centered leadership
17.51
2.20
Scale 9
Visionary leadership
18.06
3.11
Scale 10
Principled leadership
19.04
2.69
Each scale score was then combined to create
the visionary leadership
composite score. The confident leadership and follower-centered leadership scales
are components of the overall visionary leadership score of the TLP (Sashkin et al.,
1997). The scores on the TLP can range from a minimum of 50 to a maximum of
250. The confident leadership scale of the TLP can range from a minimum of 5 to a
maximum of 25, as can the follower-centered leadership scale of the TLP.
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