iii Contents Acronyms v
Acknowledgments
vii
Summary
ix
INTRODUCTION 1 A. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON FOOD SECURITY: OVERVIEW OF LATEST KNOWLEDGE 3 A.1 Main climate changes of importance for the agriculture sectors
3
A.2 Impacts on agro-ecosystems 8
A.2.1 Crops
8
A.2.2 Livestock and pastoral systems
11
A.2.3 Forests
15
A.2.4 Fisheries and aquaculture systems 16
A.2.5 Genetic resources 17
A.3 Economic and social consequences
19
A.4 Vulnerabilities determine the importance of the net impact on food
security and nutrition
24
A.5 Impacts on food security and nutrition
29
A.6 Conclusions
34
B. ENSURING FOOD SECURITY AND GOOD NUTRITION IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE: OPTIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED 35 B.1 Increase resilience of livelihoods 36
B.1.1 Devise appropriate social protection strategies
37
B.1.2 Address gender-related vulnerabilities
40
B.1.3 Conceive disaster risk reduction for food and security and nutrition in
the context of climate change adaptation 41
B.2 Build resilience of agricultural systems
42
B.2.1 Crop systems
42
B.2.2 Livestock and pastoral systems
45
B.2.3 Forests
49
B.2.4 Fisheries and aquaculture systems
53
B.2.5 Building resilience at landscape level
55
B.3 Managing genetic resources
57
B.4 Investing in resilient agricultural development
60
B.4.1 Promoting agricultural development for economic growth, alleviation
of poverty and reduction of vulnerabilities in rural areas, focusing on
smallholder agriculture
61
B.4.2. Enabling in-farm and off-farm diversification
63
B.5 Investing in systems to assess risks, vulnerabilities and adaptation options
64
B.6 Enabling adaptation through policies and institutions
69
B.6.1 Building institutions and policies to support the transition to more
resilient systems
70
B.6.2 Enhance markets and trade’s contribution to stability of food security
73
B.6.3 Strengthen regional and international cooperation
76
CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOOD SECURITY: RISKS AND RESPONSES
