Cluster [spfc shape: type] is



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  • David Evans

  • http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~evans


Menu

  • What is Object-Oriented Programming?

    • Surveys: 78 years of C++ experience, 26 years of Java experience
  • Elevator Speeches (scattered)

  • Language Features that support OOP



Stroustrup’s Answer:

  • The problem is that there is no distinction between the general properties of any shape and the properties of a specific shape. Expressing this distinction and taking advantage of it defines object-oriented programming.



Can we do this in CLU?

  • Shape = cluster [spfc_shape: type] is create, draw

  • where spfc_shape has

  • draw = proctype (s: spfc_shape, x: int, y: int)

  • rep = record [shape: spfc_shape, locx: int, locy: int]

  • create = proc (s: spfc_shape, x: int, y: int) ... end create

  • draw = proc (s: cvt)

  • spfc_shape$draw (s.shape, s.x, s.y)

  • end draw

  • end Shape



Using Shape

  • st: Shape[Triange] = Shape[Triangle]$create (Triangle$create (3,4,5), 10, 20)

  • sq : Shape[Quadrangle] = Shape[Quadrangle]$create (Quadrangle$create (2,4, 6, 8), 20, 50)

  • st.draw () % syntactic sugar assumed

  • sq.draw ()

  • s := st

  • s := sq



Subtype Polymorphism



Subsumption

  • Shape s;

  • s := new Triangle (...);

  • ...

  • s := new Quadrangle (...);

  • ...

  • B subtype of type A, you can assign B to a reference of type A.



Subsumption



Subtyping Rules

  • T  T [reflexive- ]

  • T1  T2; T2  T3 [transitive- ]

  • T1  T3

  • T1  T2 [struct- ]

  • struct [ ..., f: T1, ...]  struct [ ..., f: T2, ...]

  • (...’s must match)

  • Structs are monotonic. Struct is a subtype if components are subtypes. (Often called covariant.)



Arrays

  • T1  T2 [unsound-array- ]

  • array[T1]  array [T2]



Procedures

  • Triangle  Shape

  • fss = proc (Shape) returns (Shape)

  • fts = proc (Triangle) returns (Shape)

  • fst = proc (Shape) returns (Triangle)

  • ftt = proc (Triangle) returns (Triangle)

  • fts  fss ? fst  fss ?

  • ftt  fss ? fss  fts ?



How to decide?

  • s: Shape; t: Triangle

  • s := fss (s); t := fst (s); t := fts (t);

  • s := fts (s); t := fss (s); t := fss (s);

  • s := fst (s); t := ftt (s);

  • s := ftt (s);



Procedures

  • fss = proc (Shape) returns (Shape)

  • fts = proc (Triangle) returns (Shape)

  • fst = proc (Shape) returns (Triangle)

  • ftt = proc (Triangle) returns (Triangle)

  • fts  fss fst  fss

  • ftt  fss fss  fts



Procedure Calls



What is Object-Oriented Programming?

  • Programmer can define subtype relationships

  • Typing rules that allow subtype to be used in place of supertype (subtype polymorphism)

  • Type-directed method dispatch

  • Implementation sharing (inheritance)



Type-Directed Method Dispatch

  • s: Shape := new Triangle (3, 4, 5);

  • s.draw ();



Dispatching Solutions

  • C++

    • Supertype declares methods virtual to allow overriding
  • Java

  • Eiffel

    • Subtype uses explicit redefine clause
  • Which supports reuse best?

  • Which is safest?



Method Binding

  • s : Shape := new Triangle (3, 4, 5);

  • h : int := s.getHypotenuse ();

  • s := new Quadrangle (2, 4, 3, 8);

  • h : int := s.getHypotenuse (); // no method



Implementation Reuse: Subclassing, Inheritance

  • Use implementation of one type to implement another type

  • Often use implementation of supertype to implement subtype

  • Commonly used OO languages confuse issue by combining subtyping and inheritance:

    • Eiffel – cannot separate
    • Java – cannot separate, can use interfaces for subtyping only
    • C++ - can use implementation inheritance without subtyping (private, protected inheritance)


Language Principle: Getting Defaults Right Matters

  • Shouldn’t require extra work to hide things, should require extra work to expose them (forgetting something should be safer)

  • Possible Examples:

    • Algol60: call-by-value requires extra work (should have been call-by-name)
    • Java: preventing overriding requires extra work (final) / opposite of C++
    • C++: preventing subtyping requires extra work (public inheritance is default, need private to reuse implementation without subtyping)
    • Java access: default is package protected, need private to hide variables and methods


A Type and Class Hierarchy



Add an attribute

  • Shapes should have a color and set_color method

  • Change Shape, Quadrangle, Parallelogram, Triangle, Equilateral, EquilateralTriangle, Rhombus, Rectangle, Square, etc.

  • Change Shape, others inherit new attribute and method automatically



Add is_equilateral

  • bool Shape::is_equilateral () {

  • return false;

  • }

  • bool Equilateral::is_equilateral () {

  • return true;

  • }



Is a Rhombus equilateral?



Solutions

  • Java, Ada95, BETA

    • Don’t allow it (Java: interfaces for multiple supertypes, not implementation sharing)
    • Pro: Safe and Simple, Con: Limits Reuse
  • Eiffel

    • Explicit renaming or hiding (error if not done)
  • Automated Delegation (John Viega, 29 Feb)



Smalltalk Design Principles 1

  • Personal Mastery: If a system is to serve the creative spirit, it must be entirely comprehensible to a single individual.

  • Good Design: A system should be built with a minimum set of unchangeable parts; those parts should be as general as possible; and all parts of the system should be held in a uniform framework.

  • Purpose of Language: To provide a framework for communication.



Smalltalk Design Principles 2

    • Objects: A computer language should support the concept of "object" and provide a uniform means for referring to the objects in its universe.
    • Storage Management: To be truly "object-oriented", a computer system must provide automatic storage management.
    • Uniform Metaphor: A language should be designed around a powerful metaphor that can be uniformly applied in all areas.


Smalltalk Design Principles 3

      • Modularity: No component in a complex system should depend on the internal details of any other component.
      • Polymorphism: A program should specify only the behavior of objects, not their representation.
      • Factoring: Each independent component in a system would appear in only one place.
      • Operating System: An operating system is a collection of things that don't fit into a language. There shouldn't be one.
      • Natural Selection: Languages and systems that are of sound design will persist, to be supplanted only by better ones.


Stroustrup’s Conclusions

  • “Object-oriented programming is programming with inheritance. Data abstraction is programming using user-defined types. With few exceptions, object-oriented programming can and ought to be a superset of data abstraction. These techniques need proper support to be effective. Data abstraction primarily needs support in the form of language features and object-oriented programming needs further support from a programming environment. To be general purpose, a language supporting data abstraction or object-oriented programming must enable effective use of traditional hardware.”



My Conclusions

  • Object-Oriented Programming is a state of mind.

  • It is difficult to reach that state of mind if your language doesn’t have a way to declare ST and the type judgment:

  • Other language features can help, but we aren’t yet sure what the right ones are: dynamic dispatch, implementation inheritance, mixins, automated delegation, etc.



Analogies

  • Structured Programming is a state of mind.

  • It is difficult to reach that state of mind if your language doesn’t have structured control statements (e.g., while, for, if, blocks, procedures)

  • Data Abstraction is a state of mind.

  • It is difficult to reach that state of mind if your language doesn’t have type checking and mechanisms for restricting access



Charge

  • Read Wing & Liskov paper: what must be true about S and T to make ST is safe?

  • Continue working on projects – make sure you understand all comments

  • Position Paper 2 due Monday

  • Talk: today at 3:30, in the Rotunda:

    • Evelyn Fox Keller, “Linking Organisms and Computers: Theory and Practice in Contemporary Molecular Biology"


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