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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Atomic Weight
- Appearance
- Candini Arianna, Pedretti Martina
- USES PROPERTIES Color
- WHERE DOES IT COME FROM
- BIBLIOGRAPHY CRM_InnoNet (Substitution of critical raw materials) Wikipedia ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorite
- ORIGINS
- Economical costs
- Mazzone Silvia, Rambaldi Paolo, Ronchitelli Giulia
- Etimology
- REFERENCES 1.
- Legnani Elia, Maiuri Lorenzo, Toselli Lorenzo
- Cerulli Riccardo, Competiello Vincenzo
- ETYMOLOGY
- PRICE
- EXTRACTION
CobaltWhat does Uranium, Nickel, Cobalt, and Radon spell? UNiCoRn!!! ELEMENT ID CARD What's in a name? From the German word for goblin or evil spirit, kobald and the Greek word for mine, cobalos. Atomic Number: 27 
Atomic Weight: 58.933195 Melting Point: 1768 K (1495°C or 2723°F) Boiling Point: 3200 K (2927°C or 5301°F) Density: 8.86 grams per cubic centimeter Phase at Room Temperature: Solid Element Classification: Metal Period Number: 4 Group Number: 9 USES & PROPERTIES Appearance: A lustrous, silvery-blue metal. Peculiarities: Magnetism, high-temperature strength Uses: Cobalt salts have been used for centuries to produce brilliant blue colours in paint, porcelain, glass, pottery and enamels. Nowdays, cobalt, like iron, can be magnetised and so is used to make magnets. It is alloyed with aluminium and nickel to make particularly powerful magnets. 
Other alloys of cobalt are used in jet turbines and gas turbine generators. Cobalt metal is sometimes used in electroplating because of its attractive appearance, hardness and resistance to corrosion. Radioactive cobalt-60 is used to treat cancer and, in some countries, to irradiate food to preserve it. WHERE DOES IT COME FROM? 
The biggest producer of cobalt is the Democratic Repubblic of Congo, while this element is extracted alone only from Morocco and Canada. Anyway the majority of the used Cobalt is made by productions, while extractions cover just a minor part. Naturally, we can find Cobalt pieces (solid state) in some rocks under or even over the ground, but their concentration is so low that it's impossible to make a true resource out of them. The only solution is to obtain the metal as an extract from some finest and most abundant metals such as copper, nickel and silver.
Nowdays, cobalt is used in a very big variety of sectors, especially to produce electronic devices and rechargeable batteries. We don' t realize it, but this element is present in all our smartphones, computers and tablets and everytime we substitute our obsolet devices, we litteraly throw away tonnes of this fundamental element. Even if now the price of cobalt is becoming more and more fair (not only for the producers, but also for the users), for many years, people have underestimate the importance of this metal which is now considered CRITICAL. 
Cobalt is also used to produce batteries for electrical cars which are now duffusing as a solution tu pollution problems of our world -----> Back to the index Candini Arianna, Pedretti Martina Fluorspar Fluorspar is the mineral form of calcium fluoride It's a coourful mineral ELEMENT ID CARD What's in a name? From the Latin noun "fluo", meaning a stream or flow of water. Category: Halide mineral Formula: CaF2, consisting of 51.1% calcium and 48.9% fluorine  
(mineral form of fluorspar) (processed product) USES & PROPERTIES Color: Colorless, transparent, but different colors can be induced by impurities in the crystal structure Crystal habit: Well-formed coarse sized crystals Features: It may be fluorescent or phosphorescent; it's a colorful mineral, both in visible and ultraviolet light. Uses: Fluorspar can be used in many different ways; first of all, in the industrial sector, used as feedstock for many chemical processes, or even as a flux for smelting steel during its manufacture. In addition, the purest grade of fluorite is fundamental for the production o hydrofluoric acid (HF), used in the synthesis of fluorocarbons or as a catalyst for the petroleum industry or to produce aluminium fluoride. Also the aluminium sector is the third largest consumer of fluorspar, after hydrofluoric acid and steel. Fluorite can be used also for the production of certain colored glasses and enamels for metallic or ceramic substrates. The mineral has also ornamental and lapidary uses (to create jewelry, for example).  
WHERE DOES IT COME FROM? Fluorite is a very popular mineral, and it naturally occurs in all colors of the spectrum. It is one of the most varied colored minerals in the mineral kingdom, but in reality pure fluorite is colorless. Because of the different forms and colors which characterize the mineral, different countries all around the world are used to producing the mineral and what's connected with it. The largest current producer of fluorspar is China, immediately followed by Mexico. England has produced electric blue and blue-green cubes of fluorite. In the old Italian Alps and in Switzerland pink fluorite (which is considered extremely valuable) was found. Excellent specimens are well known from Russia, after the specimens which are produced by China. South Africa and U.S. are both locations where big quantities of precious fluorite (deep-green fluorite in South Africa, green fluorite in North America) are discovered and used, so that fluorite is also produced in these places.
Since the beginning of XXI century, the price of fluorspar has impressively grown up (estimating that the unit value is defined as the value of 1 t of fluorspar apparent consumption); moreover, the price of acid grade fluorspar, widely used in the industry sector for the production of fundamental elements such as steel, is approximately double that value. It is easy to understand that, if fluorite is produced in just few countries and has a high price, is difficult to be bought; as it's already said, fluorite is really important for the production of certain elements, as glasses, enamels and jewelry, but it's even more important when it's used to allow and finish the manufacture of chemical products. So if it started missing and the price became even higher, it would be a real problem. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Back to the index Mazzone Silvia, Rambaldi Paolo, Ronchitelli Giulia INDIUM Indium is a white-silvery metal that is placed in the 13th group and 5th period; his symbol is “In”. È un metallo raro sulla crosta terrestre,is very soft, with a low melting point (malleable) and easily fusible, debolmente radioattivo, chemically and physically, indium is similar to gallium and aluminum. It was discovered by Ferdinand Reich and Theodor Richter in 1867. 
Etymology: from Latin scientific “indium”, wich is taken by English “indigo” for his indigo line in his atomic spectrum. USES Since 1924 there was one gram of pure indium on the whole planet, but now it is valuted only 0,1 ppm (1 mg/kg) or the This metal is used for the creation of:
ORIGINS Indium is obteined as by-product from zinc, lead, iron and copper. Stocks: the stocks are mostly in china (30%) followed by Canada, Korea and Japan. Ambiental costs: this metal is very toxic and for its processing is needed a special athuroization and a careful handling of trash. In case of specific standard's violation, it's caused the poisoning and the loss of fertility of the soil. The processing of Indium, if it's executed in the wrong way, causes diseases of heart, liver, lungs and kidneys. 
Economical costs: between 2006 to 2009 ranged from US$382/kg to US$918/kg. SOLUTIONS Solution: Indium can't be sobstitued in its main application, that is flat screens, without a loss on the qualitative field. Replacement: it's possible in the majority of the others field but with an iincreased of costs. Indium, for some estimates, will disappear in 20 years. For this reason it's expected the end of many multinationals of electronic in a short time, unless someone finds an efficient solution.
Graphite and diamond are both constituted by carbon, but they have completly different features because they have a different crystalline structure. Etimology: it comes from greek γράφω (grafo), that means “i write”, because it's been used as writing materials since XVIII century. USES Before the First World War the worldwide pruduction of graphite was about 100,000 tons per year, during the war it reached 215,000 tons (1917), while now the average is like the prewar one.1 That minerale is used for the constructions of:
*derivative from graphite, it is the tinnest and hardest material ever been developed: 200 times stronger than steel and harder than diamond.2 ORIGINS Vein: it can be found very pure in Siberia, Sri Lanka, state of New York, Madagascar, Russian Federation, Corea of South, Mexico, Romania and Slovakia; impure in Italy, Bavaria and UK.3 Environmental damage: this minerali is extracted and wrought also in China, where the high level of pollution, for the mining activity, causes very strong impacts on the quality of air and water. For this reason, the chinese authorities are closing tens of mines and prosessing plants of graphite, even if the global demand for this product is increasing.4 Economic costs: the “graphite flakes”, cost between $2,000 and $3,000 per tons (according to their size).2 SOLUTIONS Solution: regeneration. Substitution: synthetic graphite, silicon carbide. In high temperature applications it is difficult to fully substitute graphite while retaining the same level of performance. REFERENCES 1. http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/grafite_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ 2. http://investimentoinborsa.com/opportunita-dinvestimento-la-grafite-e-il-grafene/ 3. http://www.greenreport.it/news/energia/mobilita-le-auto-elettriche-sono-la-soluzione-o-parte-del-problema/ 4. https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafite Back to the index Legnani Elia, Maiuri Lorenzo, Toselli Lorenzo Rare Earth Elements Are commonly called “rare erath elements” a group of 17 elements, in greater details they are the lanthanoid, the Scandium(atomic number 21, 3rd group) and the Yttrium(atomic number 39, 3rd group). They are called “rare” because they had been estracted for the first time from uncommon oxides, but unlike their name, earth crust is full of them, but in little quantities, except for few big deposits.
Rare earth elements are adopted in several settings:
It is precisely because of their wide use that their demand in the market is high, and therefore dominate the market countries who are lucky enough to include within its borders the largest deposits. PRODUCTION AND COSTS The world's largest producer is China, followed by the United States, Australia and India. The extraction costs are high and consequently are high prices on the market (such as scandium oxide sold to 6,000 $ / kg in November 2015), is high also the environmental impact, for example in China in Lake Baotou that it is widely exploited for download from the extraction waste (1 tonne of radioactive waste for every ton of rare earths extracted). Lake Batouta TUNGSTEN (W) Tungsten is a hard, heavy and steel-grey colored transition metal. It has the second highest fusion point. Mainly it is extracted from mineral wolframite (picture) and scheelite.
PRICE: After years of increasing, recently its price went down from 200 dollars/mtu to 180 dollars /mtu. ORIGINS: Tungten is a very rare metal, in fact it constitutes 5 x 10-4 of the Earth's crust. The majority of the stocks are in China: this country produces 85% of the world's production. In the tungsten producers's ranking China is followed in order by Russia, Canada and Vietnam. 
EXTRACTION: Industrially it is produced by reduction of tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon. REPLACEMENT: Tungsten has very few, if any, possible substitutes because it has very rare quality of hardness and a very high fusion point. Bibliography: www.metallirari.com www.wikipedia.org Yüklə 210,1 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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% of Earth's crust.
