Drop in annual temperatures between 1645 and 1700

Drop in annual temperatures between 1645 and 1700

• Drop in annual temperatures between 1645 and 1700

• Led to agricultural distress, migration, distress, and uprising

• Inflation caused by new world silver

• Threats in the borders

• From Mongols to the north and west
• Suffered heavy losses by helping Koreans against Japanese invasions
• Japanese pirates

• Qing (Manchu) overthrew the Ming in 1644

Intellectual prodigy and a successful military commander who expanded his territory and gave it a high degree of stability

• Intellectual prodigy and a successful military commander who expanded his territory and gave it a high degree of stability

• Reign of 61 years makes him the longest reigning Emperor of China

• Cultural diffusion

• adapted Mongol system of political organization; the Tibetan practice of religious legitimization for rulers; Korean and Chinese agricultural policies; and European mapping and technology ( influenced by the Jesuits).

Showed basic flaw in the Shogunal government

• Showed basic flaw in the Shogunal government

• Forced the military, to obey the civil law in the interests of building a centralized, standardized system of law (transformed from a military to a civil society)