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- Appendix 2 International activities in synthetic biology: analysing ethical and societal implications
- List of abbreviations EASAC
- EASAC policy report 13 December 2010 ISBN: 978-3-8047-2866-0 This report can be found at www.easac.eu
30 | December 2010 | Realising European potential in synthetic biology EASAC
Apart from the work of the European academies in analysing the status of synthetic biology, various other national and international bodies have been active in addressing capacity building and governance issues. Some examples are listed in Table 3, to illustrate the range. These other sources of information helped to provide the background
European Commission (DG Research), NEST Pathfi nder initiative 36 and Framework Programme 6-funded projects: Toward a European Strategy of Synthetic Biology (TESSY) 37 Synbiology 38 Synbiosafe 39 Emergence 40 Inventory of resources, roadmap, analysis of strategic sustainability Analysis of current research (EU, USA) Ethics, safety and security Education, infrastructure and standards EMBL/EMBO, Conference on Systems and Synthetic Biology, 2008
41 Scientifi c and social implications European Science Foundation meeting and Eurocores project, EuroSynBio, opened for applications for research funding, 2009 42
Supporting engineering and molecular research in complex biological systems and societal context Kavli Futures Symposium, Ilulissat Statement, 2007 43 Identifi cation of fundamental, applied and social research needs US Woodrow Wilson Center report on synthetic biology
44 Anticipating and addressing concerns for laboratory and environment International Risk Governance Council report on synthetic biology, 2008 45 Analysing applications, risks and governance UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council report, 2008 46 Analysing societal impact, risks and regulation UK Lloyd’s Emerging Risks Team Report 2009 47 Analysing risks and governance issues with implications for insurance sector European Group on Ethics of science and new technologies (EGE) 2009 48 Analysing issues for biosafety, biosecurity, industrial applications, IPR, societal engagement and research support 36
‘Synthetic biology, a NEST pathfi nder initiative’ at ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/nest/docs/5-nest-synthetic-080507.pdf. 37
TESSY fi nal report ‘TESSY achievements and future perspectives in synthetic biology’, December 2008, at www.tessy-europe. eu/public_docs/TESSY-Final-Report_D5-3.pdf. 38 ‘An analysis of synthetic biology research in Europe, the United States and Canada’ at www.atg-biosuynthetics.com/ nest-project.html. 39
Output as commentary paper ‘Synbiosafe e-conference: online community discussion on the societal aspects of synthetic biology’ (M. Schmidt, H. Torgersen, A. Ganguli-Mitra, A. Kelle, A. Deplazes, N. Biller-Andorno) Syst Synth Biol, doi:10.1007/ s11693-008-9019-y. 40 ‘Emergence: a foundation for synthetic biology in Europe’, at www.synbio.org.uk/synthetic-biology-index/1105-emergence- foundation-in-europe. 41
‘Systems and synthetic biology: scientifi c and social implications’, Heidelberg, Germany, November 2008 at www.embl.org/ aboutus/sciencesociety/conferences/2008/programme.html. 42 European conference on ‘Synthetic biology: design, programming and optimisation of biological systems’, St Feliu de Guixois, Spain, November 2007 at www.functionalgenomics.org.uk; EuroSynBio call for proposals on www.esf.org/activities/eurocores/ programmes/eurosynbio.html. 43 International discussion meeting in Ilulissat, Greenland. Statement ‘Synthesizing the future – a vision for the convergence of synthetic biology and nanotechnology’ accessed at www.royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=7493. 44
Report ‘Synthetic biology’ by D. Caruso, Hybrid Vigor Institute, at www.science.progress.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/ syntheticbiology.pdf for Woodrow Wilson Center (www.wilsoncenter.org). 45 Report ‘Synthetic biology risks and opportunities for an emerging fi eld’ by J. Calvert and J. Tait at www.igrc.org/IMG/pdf/RGC_ ConceptNote_SyntheticBiology_Final_30April.pdf. 46
Report ‘Synthetic biology social and ethical challenges’ by A. Balmer and P. Martin on www.bbsrc.ac.uk. 47
Report ‘Synthetic biology: infl uencing development’ by Lloyd’s Emerging Risks Team, July 2009, on www.lloyds.com. 48
‘Opinion on the ethics of synthetic biology’, EGE, November 2009, at www.ec.europa.eu/european_group_ethics/docs/ opinion25_en.pdf. EASAC Realising European potential in synthetic biology | December 2010 | 31 for EASAC inquiry in elucidating what public policy-makers need to know to provide a supportive framework for synthetic biology R&D. Apart from the ethical issues raised about creating life, research funders, NGOs and advisory groups have discussed other ethical issues associated with synthetic biology. Concerns relating to trade and global justice have been expressed. For example, the synthesis of artemesinin might move production from developing countries to developed countries—but this type of concern is by no means confi ned to the products of synthetic biology. It is also worth noting that in the recent work of the European Commission-funded Synbiosafe project (Ganguli-Mitra et al. 2009), a survey of researchers involved in synthetic biology revealed a prevailing view that synthetic biology raises no particular ethical issues in itself and that any social implications are exclusively related to specifi c practical applications, for example, manipulation of the human genome. It is not clear if these researchers’ perspective is shared more widely across the EU, although some initial public expectations are being elucidated (chapter 4). Other commentators have raised concerns that synthetic biology raises new ethical issues in creating artifi cial life and in blurring the boundaries between animate and inanimate. However, bioethicists themselves differ in their views on this: some perceive a need for ‘synthetic bioethics’, others see little novelty in synthetic biology ethical issues. This debate might be helped by greater clarity in defi nition. Semantic problems arise in part because researchers use terms and metaphors (such as ‘living machines’) that appear to blur the boundary between living and non-living matter. As there is extensive discussion on ethical issues in synthetic biology in the publications already cited (in particular the German Statement and the Royal Society publication described in footnote 21) as well as in the sources listed in Table 3, the EASAC Working Group did not address these ethical matters in further detail. However, as noted elsewhere in this report, EASAC suggests that the academies should support further analysis and debate on ethical issues, perhaps through the mechanism of the Standing Committee on Science and Ethics of the All European Academies (ALLEA).
32 | December 2010 | Realising European potential in synthetic biology EASAC
AAAS American Association for the Advancement of Science ALLEA All European Academies CIA Central Intelligence Agency DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DG Enterprise and Industry European Commission Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry DG Research European Commission Directorate General for Research DG Sanco European Commission Directorate General for Health and Consumer Protection EASAC European Academies Science Advisory Council EGE European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies EMBO European Molecular Biology Organisation EMEA European Medicines Agency EU European Union
FDA Food and Drug Administration GM Genetically modifi ed
GMOs Genetically modifi ed organisms IAP InterAcademy Panel
iGEM International Genetically Engineered Machine IPR Intellectual property rights IT Information technology MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology NGO Non-governmental organisation NIH National Institutes of Health R&D Research and development RNA Ribonucleic acid
SMEs Small and medium-sized enterprises XNA Xeno-nucleic acid
List of abbreviations EASAC Realising European potential in synthetic biology | December 2010 | 33 Academy of Medical Sciences and Royal Academy of Engineering (2007). Systems biology: a vision for engineering and medicine. Available at www.acmedsci. ac.uk
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Carette, N, Engelkamp, H, Akpa, E, et al. (2007). A virus- based biocatalyst. Nature Nanotechnology 2, 226–229 Cello, J, Paul, AV & Wimmer, E (2002). Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template. Science 297, 1016–1018 Chiarabelli, C, Stano, P & Luisi, PG (2009). Chemical approaches to synthetic biology. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 20, 492–497 Chin, JW (2006). Modular approaches to expanding
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of the Royal Society Interface, available at http://rsif. royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/05/19/ rsif.2009.0083.focus.full Henkel, J & Maurer, S M (2009). Parts, property and
Herdewijn, P & Marliere, P (2009). Towards safe genetically modifi ed organisms through the chemical diversifi cation of nucleic acids. Chemistry and Biodiversity 6, 791–808 Kemmer, C, Gitzinger, M, Daoud-El Baba, M, Djonov, V, Stelling, J & Fusseneger, M (2010). Self-suffi cient control
Biotechnology 28, 355–360 Khalil, AS & Collins JJ (2010) Synthetic biology:
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Kiel, C, Yus, E & Serrano, L (2010). Engineering signal transduction pathways. Cell 140, 33–47 Kocer, A, Walko, M & Ferringa, BL (2007). Synthesis and utilization of reversible and irreversible light-activated nanovalves derived from the channel protein MscL. Nature Protocols 2, 1426–1437 Kuhner, S, van Noort, V, Betts, MJ, et al. (2009).
Science 326, 1235–1240 Kwok, R (2010). Five hard truths for synthetic biology. Nature 463, 288–290 Lee, C-F, Leigh, DA, Pritchard, RG, et al. (2009). Hybrid
Nature 458, 314–318 Lum, AM, Huang, J, Hutchinson, RC & Kao, CM (2004).
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34 | December 2010 | Realising European potential in synthetic biology EASAC
Royal Society (2008b). Emerging technologies and social innovation. Report on the third joint Royal Society–Science Council of Japan workshop on new and emerging technologies. Available at www.royalsoc.org Royal Society (2008c). Royal Society activities on reducing the risk of the misuse of scientifi c research. Policy document 17/08. Available at www.royalsoc.org Schmidt, M (2009). Societal aspects of synthetic
at www.synbiosafe.eu/uploads/pdf/Schmidt-2009-SSBJ. Sheridan, C (2009). Making green. Nature Biotechnology 27, 1074–1076 Steen, EJ, Kang, Y, Bokinsky, G, et al. (2010) Microbial production of fatty-acid-derived fuels and chemicals from plant biomass. Nature 463, 559–562 Swiss Academy of Sciences (2006). Synthetic biology. Forum on Genetic research. Available at www. geneticresearch.ch/e/Themes/Synthetic_Biology Tigges, M, Marquez-Lago, TT, Stelling, J & Fussenegger, M (2009). A tunable synthetic mammalian oscillator. Nature 457, 309–312 Van den Heuvel, MGL & Dekker, C (2007). Motor proteins at work for nanotechnology. Science 317, 333–336 Wang, K, Neumann, H, Peak-Chow, SY & Chin, JW (2007). Evolved orthogonal ribosomes enhance the
Biotechnology 25, 770–777 Weber, W, Rimann, M, Spielmann, M, et al. (2004).
Weber, W, Daoud-El Baba, M & Fussenegger, M (2007a). Synthetic ecosystems based on airborne inter- and intrakingdom communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 10435–10440 Weber, W, Stelling, J, Rimann, M, et al. (2007b). A synthetic time-delay circuit in mammalian cells and mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 2643–2648 Zhang, M-O, Gaisser, S, Nur-E-Alam, et al. (2008).
Medicinal Chemistry 51, 5494–5497 May, M (2009). Engineering a new business. Nature Biotechnology 27, 1112–1120 Morris, K (2009). Nanotechnology crucial in fi ghting
Nelson, B (2009). Building blocks. Nature 462, 684–688 Pal, C, Papp, B, Lercher, MJ, Csermely, P, Oliver SG & Hurst, LD (2006). Chance and necessity in the evolution of theoretical and experimental networks. Nature 440, 667–670
Pantarotto, D, Browne, WR & Ferringa, BL (2008). Autonomous propulsion of carbon nanotubes powered by a multienzyme ensemble. Chemical Communications 1533–1535 Piel, J (2009). Metabolites from symbiotic bacteria. Natural Products Reports 26, 338–362 Posfai, G, Plunkett III, G, Feher, T, et al. (2006). Emergent
POST (2008). Synthetic biology. Parliamentary Offi ce of Science and Technology POSTNote Number 298. Available at www.parliament.uk/document/upload/ postpn298.pdf Rasmussen, S, Chan, L, Deamer, D, et al. (2004). Transitions from nonliving to living matter. Science 202, 963–965
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Health Council of the Netherlands and the Advisory Council on Health Research (2008). Synthetic biology: creating
www.knaw.nl/cfdata/publications/results_zoeken.cfm Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (2009). A code of conduct for biosecurity. Available at www.knaw.nl/cfdata/publicaties/detail.cfm?boeken_ ordernr=20071092 Royal Society (2003). Keeping science open: the effects
Available at www.royalsoc.org Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering (2004).
Royal Society (2008a). Synthetic biology – scientifi c discussion meeting summary. Available at www.royalsoc. org; additional information is available at the Royal Society’s Synthetic Biology resource at www.royalsociety. org/page.asp?id=7493 For further information: EASAC Secretariat Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina German National Academy of Sciences Postfach 110543 06019 Halle (Saale) Germany tel +49 (0)345 4723 9831 fax +49 (0)345 4723 9839 email secretariat@easac.eu Printed by Latimer Trend & Co Ltd, Plymouth, UK
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