Education in china

Fall of the Qing dynasty 
Further information: Century of humiliation, Opium Wars, First Sino-Japanese 
War, and Boxer Rebellion 
The Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China to defeat 
the anti-foreign Boxers and their Qing backers. The image shows a celebration 
ceremony inside the Chinese imperial palace, the Forbidden City after the signing 
of the Boxer Protocol in 1901. 
In the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty experienced Western imperialism in 
the Opium Wars with Britain and France. China was forced to pay compensation, 
open treaty ports, allow extraterritoriality for foreign nationals, and cede Hong 
Kong to the British under the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, the first of the Unequal 
Treaties. The First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) resulted in Qing China's loss 
of 
influence 
in 
the Korean 
Peninsula, 
as 
well 
as 
the cession 
of 
Taiwan to Japan.
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 The Qing dynasty also began experiencing internal unrest in 
which tens of millions of people died, especially in the White Lotus Rebellion, the 
failed Taiping Rebellion that ravaged southern China in the 1850s and 1860s and 

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the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) in the northwest. The initial success of the Self-
Strengthening Movement of the 1860s was frustrated by a series of military defeats 
in the 1880s and 1890s.
In the 19th century, the great Chinese diaspora began. Losses due to emigration 
were added to by conflicts and catastrophes such as the Northern Chinese Famine 
of 1876–1879, in which between 9 and 13 million people died. The Guangxu 
Emperor drafted a reform plan in 1898 to establish a modern constitutional 
monarchy, but these plans were thwarted by the Empress Dowager Cixi. The ill-
fated anti-foreign Boxer Rebellion of 1899–1901 further weakened the dynasty. 
Although Cixi sponsored a program of reforms, the Xinhai Revolution of 1911–
1912 brought an end to the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of 
China.
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 Puyi, the last Emperor of China, abdicated in 1912.