Final Version May 25, 2003

Such a consideration concerns the following problem setting by Kimura, the initiator of the neutral theory [Kimura & Ohta 1971]:

1) Selective constraint would suppress the phylogenetic divergence. Adaptive radiation, for instance, would require a prior relaxation in struggle for life [Kimura 1988, 257].

2) Association between morphological and molecular evolution theories is deficient and awaiting further development [Kimura 1988, 58].

Here Kimura suggested that macroevolution would occur when “selective constraint” is relaxed. This directly implies that it is not selective constraint but its “relaxation” that drives evolution. Many evolutionists including the late S. J. Gould seem to favor this suggestion. In fact the cichlids' rapid speciation also seems to have occurred due to relaxation of selective constraint, though it is a microevolution. However, Kimura's is a suggestion fundamentally unorthodox and Anti-Darwinian because selective constraint corresponds to the traditional natural selection and hence a kind of USM evolution.

Then what, except the Darwinian natural selection (USM evolution), is the real driving force for evolution? Our reply to this question is ICM evolution of Species=Societies motivated by the MPR that would, as discussed above, proceed rapid cladogenesis of whether macro- or microevolution. For example, if the proto-mammals had been able to enjoy enlarged empty niches due to extinction of dinosaurs, their “adaptive radiation” might have occurred rather in the ICM than in the USM evolution.

Concluding remarks

Rapid speciation in the LV cichlids has shown decisive importance of mate selection in evolution. Ethological observation has shown that mate selection is carried out by MPR on Species=Societal consensus and not by unilateral “female choice”: even more simple courtship in monogamy is according to SS consensus.

Mate selection can be entirely attributed to proper-to-SS MPR. It is too fictitious to attribute mate selection to Female Choosy Genes because the FCG hypothesis further requires to assume (a) male “choice-suffering genes” to ensure the species=societal nature of mate selection; (b) absurd alleles such as genes for long-neck detesting giraffes or ocelli-pattern frigid peahens; (c) readability of genetic codes by the brain (i.e. possibility of in vivo conversion of microscopic signals into macroscopic records). Facts by imprinting of birds prove that even conspecies recognition is not genetic but postnatal. Genes are incompetent to tell either how to recognize conspecies or how to discriminate other species, to say nothing of how to choose a better mate.

Also it is essential in evolutionary studies to distinguish USMs (i.e. stochastic screening) and ICMs (subjective selection) and to recognize the proper importance of ICMs. (For example every　sympatric reproductive isolation belongs to an ICM.)

MPR analysis of mate selection has given a clear and consistent explanation for the long neck of giraffes, the ocelli feathers of peacocks, the species divergence of the LV cichlids etc. This theory can apply more generally if one takes the diachronic transition of the MPR into consideration.
Appendix

Recently cases of adaptive mutation in a synergetic mode have been reported for Escherichia coli etc., which gave evidence for existence of a Non-Darwinian adaptation mechanism. This is considered to be a kind of USM: in fact it is synergetic but not cooperative. However this paper has set aside this problem in order to focus our attention to ICMs.

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Revised on June 20